DISCLOSURE / FILE
Volume 2 of the UK Ministry of Defence's Project Condign (DI55) report, December 2000, containing 25 working papers and annexes on the natural and man-made phenomena the Defence Intelligence Staff used to interpret UAP reports in the UK Air Defence Region.
Volume 2 of the UK Ministry of Defence's Project Condign (DI55) report, December 2000, containing 25 working papers and annexes on the natural and man-made phenomena the Defence Intelligence Staff used to interpret UAP reports in the UK Air Defence Region.
This is Scientific & Technical Memorandum 55/2/00, marked SECRET UK EYES ONLY on release, issued by the Defence Intelligence Analysis Staff in February 2000 as the working-paper volume of a three-volume study. Its 25 papers cover UAP effects on humans, electrical and electronic equipment, ball and bead lightning, radar detection, plasma physics, magnetic-field effects on the brain, ley lines and earth lights, and exotic technologies. The annexes to Working Paper 1 document reported sensory effects, sound, odours, taste, thermal burns through clothing, vehicle and compass interference, and at least one reported fatality attributed to radiation exposure. The volume treats UAP as a real, if poorly measured, atmospheric and electromagnetic phenomenon and repeatedly notes that no direct field measurements of UAP emissions exist.
Currently, the field characterisation of a UAP are unknown but it is a corroborated fact that, in addition to light (and sometimes heat), somep.9
Sort of field is emanated which has adverse effects on some people when they are close to the source.p.9
It is well established that microwaves can induce sound, i.e. as well as acoustics.p.10
A report from Finland in 1977, which involved 170 troops on the Finnish border reported all equipment 'jammed' and no telephones.p.13
In one event the witness, a policeman, suffered severe arm-burns through a long-sleeved uniform. But his body was otherwise protected by the car door, behind which he was standing.p.14
Extracted text · Page 1
Page 1 · vision OCR
DIST DI Staff 2 Col/Cu/38 SECRET UK EYES ONLY UNCLASSIFIED Copy No 7 of copies Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK Air Defence Region: Volume 2 Information on Associated Natural & Man-Made Phenomena SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM - No. 55/2/00 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE RECEIVED 7 DEC 2000 D154 REGISTRY DEFENCE INTELLIGENCE STAFF December 2000 Defence Intelligence Analysis Staff UNCLASSIFIED UK EYES ONLY SECRET
Page 2 · vision OCR
UNCLASSIFIED THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT, and is issued for the information of such persons only as need to know its contents in the course of official duties. Any person finding this document should hand it to a Service Unit or Police Station for its safe return to the MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, DEFENCE INTELLIGENCE STAFF, LONDON, SW1, with particulars of how and where found. THE UNAUTHORISED RETENTION OF THIS DOCUMENT, OR ITS DESTRUCTION, IS AN OFFENCE UNDER THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT 1911- 1989. (When released to persons outside Government Service, this document is issued on a personal basis and the recipient to whom it is entrusted in confidence, within the provisions of the Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989, is personally responsible for its safe custody and for seeing that its contents are disclosed only to authorised persons). UNCLASSIFIED
Concatenated page-by-page transcript. Born-digital pages came through pdf.js; scanned pages were transcribed by Claude vision OCR. Pages marked unreadable failed multiple OCR retries (heavy redaction, microfilm artifacts, or blank separators) and are kept in place for audit.
DIST DI Staff 2 Col/Cu/38 SECRET UK EYES ONLY UNCLASSIFIED Copy No 7 of copies Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK Air Defence Region: Volume 2 Information on Associated Natural & Man-Made Phenomena SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM - No. 55/2/00 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE RECEIVED 7 DEC 2000 D154 REGISTRY DEFENCE INTELLIGENCE STAFF December 2000 Defence Intelligence Analysis Staff UNCLASSIFIED UK EYES ONLY SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT, and is issued for the information of such persons only as need to know its contents in the course of official duties. Any person finding this document should hand it to a Service Unit or Police Station for its safe return to the MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, DEFENCE INTELLIGENCE STAFF, LONDON, SW1, with particulars of how and where found. THE UNAUTHORISED RETENTION OF THIS DOCUMENT, OR ITS DESTRUCTION, IS AN OFFENCE UNDER THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT 1911- 1989. (When released to persons outside Government Service, this document is issued on a personal basis and the recipient to whom it is entrusted in confidence, within the provisions of the Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989, is personally responsible for its safe custody and for seeing that its contents are disclosed only to authorised persons). UNCLASSIFIED
Page 258 · unreadable scan
[no extracted text available for this page]
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET UK RESTRICTED DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00 INFORMATION ON ASSOCIATED NATURAL AND MAN-MADE PHENOMENA VOLUME 2 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 5.26 x x x x x x x x x FEBRUARY 2000 1 x x x x x x x x x x x 5.40 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM | 55/2/00 [PHOTOGRAPH - blue image of aerial object dated 19 8 '97] LOWESTOFT 1997 1 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
PREFACE
1. This is Volume 2 of a three-volume 'Report on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) in the UK Air
Defence Region'. A complete index for all three volumes is at Volume 1. Volume 2 contains working
papers, in no particular priority order, resulting from information collected and conclusions drawn from a
wide variety of phenomena which have been applied to the study of UAP. (R)
2. This wide spread of background information is required in order to understand the relationship
between UAP sightings and their probable explanations. While the majority of UAP reports can easily be
explained as aircraft, satellites, clouds etc., it has been necessary to investigate some phenomenal aspects in
much more detail. A significant, but rare phenomenon, for example, pertaining in the study of alleged
UAP effects on humans, potentially causing them to see (and possibly to hear) exceptional events due to UAP
field effects and the reported degradation of vehicle electrics and electronics, is that no actual UAP electro-
magnetic or other field measurements exist. (R)
3. The aim of the attached papers was to act as a reference source during UAP report analysis,
interpretation and identification. In many cases much more information is available on most of these topics.
That which is included is judged to be sufficient for an understanding in the UAP context. (U)
4. The copyright of reference material used is given wherever this is known. (U)
February 2000 Issued by XX DIS3 not
[ILLEGIBLE]
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00 CONTENTS 1 UAP Effects on Humans, Electrical/Electronic Equipments and Objects 2 Ball and Bead Lightning 3 Potential Reasons for Higher Densities of UAP Sightings 4 After Images as a Result of Flashes of Light 5 Detection of UAPs by Radar 6 Exotic Technologies 7 Sightline Rates of Flying Objects & Meteorites 8 Rarity of UAP Sound Reports 9 Black and other Aircraft Programmes as UAP Events 10 Ley Lines, 'EARTH LIGHTS' and UK Earth Fault Lines 11 Collected Imagery and Classification of UAP Shapes 12 Earth's Magnetic Field in the UKADR 13 Visual Meteorological and other Natural Phenomena 14 Meteorological Balloons 15 Air Ships and Hot Air Balloons 16 Sunspot, Aurora and Seismic Correlation 17 Visual Observation of Satellites 18 Projected Shapes/Shadows, Fluorescence & Luminescence 19 Charged Dust Aerosols 20 Optical Mirages 21 Ionospheric Plasma 22 Artefacts 23 Linked Vortex Rings 24 Sprites, Elves and Blue Jets 25 Overview of Magnetic Field Effects on Humans 4 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 1
UAP EFFECTS ON HUMANS, ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND
OBJECTS
Para. No Page
SENSING THE PRESENCE OF A UAP 1 1-1
Animals 2 1-1
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELD LEVELS 4 1-1
Magnetic Fields (a) 1-1
Electric Fields (b) 1-1
Electromagnetic (EM) Fields (c) 1-2
MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS 5 1-2
ANNEXES:
A SOUND
B ODOURS
C TASTE
D EM EFFECTS ON EQUIPMENT & OBJECTS
E DIRECT THERMAL EFFECTS
F NON-IONISING EM EFFECTS ON HUMANS
February 1, 2000 x x x x x x x x x x 5.40
1
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED SECRET UK RESTRICTED UAP EFFECTS ON HUMANS, ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND OBJECTS SENSING THE PRESENCE OF A UAP 1. The ACCESS Database tables generated for the UAP study encompass all the sensing methods and descriptions, of which humans are capable, except touch. The paper provides an initial overview. Some of the topics are considered in further detail in following working papers. The sensing methods are: • Aided or unaided visual sight (including colours, shapes etc.) • Sound (Annex A) • Heat (Annex E) • Smell (Annex B) • Feeling (excluding actual touch), for example sensing air pressure, electrical fields (static effect on skin/hair, burning of skin) - Direct Thermal Effects (Annex D) • Taste (Annex C) • Description of the Sighting Location and Environment • Non-Ionising Electromagnetic Effects. (Annex F) 2. Animals Several of the effects are also found to extend, in various parameters, to other animals such as farm and domestic animals. ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELD LEVELS 4. On the assumption that some sort of field emanates from a UAP, though not necessarily on all occasions, and is apparently only influential on humans when at close range, there are three field options, using the most familiar types of EM considers The following: (a) Magnetic Fields A magnetic (H) field can be either natural (e.g. Earth's natural field), generated, or stored (permanent). Familiar magnetised materials form permanent magnetics, while solenoids generate fixed or varying magnetic fields. In the UAP context this would either mean the presence of large (and heavy) field generators on a substantial and solid 'craft', or a magnetic field being generated in a UAP comprised of, perhaps, a plasma which is well-known a magnetic field is polarised, with lines of force (flux) travelling towards the opposite polarity either of the same source or towards the earth's surface. A magnetic flux can be modulated, although the rate and shape of the resulting energy time distribution is affected by the presence of inductance, capacitance and resistance. (b) Electric Fields Electric (Electrostatic) field set up between objects of opposite electrical potential. Familiar manifestations of the presence of an E field is hair standing on end. For an E field to exist a non- conducting (free space, dielectric/gas) material must be between the charged entities. In the UAP context the E field, (for human effect) would theoretically pass between the UAP 'body' and earth, with the human in between. The human may be 'earthed' (i.e. standing on the surface), depending on the scenario. 1-1 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED (c) Electromagnetic (EM) Fields These are often described generically as Radio Frequency (RF) fields as they are widely used for radio/radar emissions although the EM spectrum extends over a much wider range in practice, including IR, UV and the visible bands. An EM field is taken to comprise both E and H (Electric and Magnetic) components, which are separately detectable and measurable. Close to their origin (normally known as the source or transmitter) their relative amplitudes and phase are usually complex, but after a short distance the resultant waveform becomes stable. In the UAP context the main interest is in whether a UAP body radiates EM waves, other than those in the visible part of the spectrum - which are present anyway, as the means by which a UAP is most often seen. The polarisation of an EM field is defined by the orientation of its E field to the horizon, but since an EM wavefront might be rotated, then both elliptical and circular emissions can occur. Currently, the field characterisation of a UAP are unknown but it is a corroborated fact that, in addition to light (and sometimes heat), some Sort of field is emanated which has adverse effects on some people when they are close to the source. A search was therefore made to identify possible effects on people exposed to all three of the main options (a) to (c) above, both physical and mental. The following information is included because of its applicability to the subject, to assist in future analysis and elimination, and especially because of the discoveries at Working Paper No. 25. Annex D considers EM effects on Equipment and Objects and Annex F non-ionising effects on humans. MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS 5. The findings due to purely magnetic effects are considered to be of prime importance in the UAP context because of the response of the human brain and the similarity to UAP reporting. This has warranted the separate Working Paper No. 25. A first general effects summary chart for electromagnetic (microwave) effects on humans is at Table F-1. 1-2 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
ANNEX A
SOUND
1. Sounds which are sometimes reported
accompanying sightings are not unusual in
nature (see para 3, below), and the reasons for
hearing (or not hearing) an airborne object can
be complex. Further, there is wide scope for
mis-reporting of those sounds which are heard.
(Working Paper No. 8 considers this aspect
further.) They range from the violent roar or
even explosion, to the low hum. The more
violent can clearly come from the explosion
which sometimes occurs when a lightning
disappears. However, there are reports that
objects which appear, in general, like small
whistling) or may glow very brightly, can also
cause an explosive (i.e. shock-wave effect) as
they 'leave the ground' or 'take-off' These
events are apparently sometimes accompanied
by the formation of a mist. If the object
changes its temperature or surface pressure,
condensation can occur if the air is moist.
2. If microwave fields are also involved,
the formation of mists may be as the result of
water molecule absorption with the wavelength
forming resonances. (These occur at λ =
0.017m and at four other values when it is an
example where it might be postulated that
several observers were probably exposed to
UAP radiation for longer than normal UAP
sighting periods. This may be other cases
which remain anomalous. It is clear that the
recipients of these effects are in more aware
that they are at right angles to their emission
and transverse direction of the sound and a
wide range of descriptions are therefore used.
3. The most likely reported sounds,
described as 'normal' acoustic, are hums,
humming, buzzing, whistling, beeping or
pulsing, and they are either low or high-
pitched; many may therefore affect areas of
the brain which are in different ways,
depending on the coupling mechanism.
4. Whistling sounds are reported to be
equal or louder than the those of jet aircraft,
even to the point of being heard inside an
aircraft. Changes in pitch have been noted -
not as a familiar Doppler effect, but in cases
suggesting very high nightline (i.e. observer
crossing) rates or abrupt changes of direction.
5. Animals can be 20-30% more
sensitive than humans. Frequent reports
suggest extreme animal reaction to unexplained
sightings. Human audio upper cut-off
frequency is at 20kHz. The cut off, for
example, for cats, is 60kHz and the microwave
density for sound to be induced in cats is about
one quarter of that for humans.
6. It is well established that microwaves
can induce sound, i.e. as well as acoustics.
Experiments show that this is likely to occur at
RFs between 200 and 3000MHz (λ = λ =
0.10m), with power densities of 300m W
cm⁻². Hence PRFs of 50-100Hz can be heard
as humming.
7. An entirely different audio mechanism
can absorb EM energy, which, in turn,
increases temperature, causes expansion and
pressure - which then propagates as vibration
and causes sounds to be heard by the auditory
nerve.
8. Sound effects caused by microwaves
are dependent on head size (and clearly vary
from person to person and antenna type). The
microwave density levels for humans to receive
sound effects is several hundred times the
maximum microwave safety limits. Subjects
receiving these extreme levels often describe
them as producing very highly pitched
whistles.
9. In summary, there are two mechanisms
which can produce sounds which humans have
described when in close proximity to
unexplained phenomena. For weak intensities
and for low frequency those RFs, a modulation
range is the normal human reception
mechanism. Even when no UAP source is
present, if the mechanism of tissue vibration is
caused, then the acute heard is described as
'feeling unwell'. In particular, operating at
450 and 1750MHz, and the new RF for
mobiles in 1760MHz. Of course any pursuit
of this hypothesis must include rigorous
investigation of the positions if it turns out
that UAP radiation is
A-1
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
ANNEX B
ODOURS
1. Some cases have occurred where
peculiar odours have been reported. These
seem to be produced by microwaves or high
energy electrical fields.
2. These effects are well understood and
can be replicated in the laboratory. Normally
the smell is described as 'sulphurous',
'electrical burning' or ozone-like.
3. During electrical discharges in the
atmosphere many electrical compounds are
formed. Nitric oxide, for example, reacts with
other atmospheric gases to form nitro-benzene,
which smells like bitter almonds.
4. The slow decay of activated nitrogen
can exhibit a white glow and may be the reason
for white trails (or 'tails') sometimes described
by witnesses, whether or not the witness has
smelled the chemical reaction.
5. Reports have been received where a
'strange odour' hangs in the air for some time
after an event.
B-1
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
ANNEX C
TASTE
1. This effect is usually described as the
taste one can experience when placing a low
voltage (e.g. dry battery) electrode on the
tongue. It is often described as 'metallic' and
'tingling'. The effect is created, for example if
dissimilar metals are placed on the tongue,
creating a battery, with an extremely low (µA)
current flow. However, the presence of 'taste'
in the vicinity of UAPs occurs without touch.
2. The taste is immediate but the decay
much longer. It is reported that this effect can
occur by pulsing and by alternating currents up
to ~1000Hz. The effect is attributed to the
breakdown of the chemicals in saliva. Since
the human body is conductive, it is believed
that bursts of EM energy could cause the
'taste' effect. Estimates are that a current of
>100µA (DC or AC) is required. Less than
1% of a 300+ sample of humans could 'taste'
the presence of microwave energy. This may
well be modified by the presence/absence of
metallic tooth fillings.
C-1
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
ANNEX D
EFFECTS ON EQUIPMENT AND OBJECTS
1. The reported effects, which seem to be
due to electrical charges, magnetic and
microwave energy are known to have caused:
• Overheating of car batteries.
• Metallic objects rising in temperature.
• Magnetisation, which is sometimes
retained.
MAGNETIC EFFECTS
2. Objects close to reported UAP
sightings have been subject to:
• Permanent magnetism (fences, flag
poles). This seems to imply DC or very
slowly varying magnetic fields.
• Radio interference. Radios can appear to
off-tune (or go off their stations, since,
presumably, they move to a non-
receiving wavelength). This is possibly
due to the magnetisation of the ferrites
used as the antenna cores (i.e. part of the
tuning loop) as in modern
communications/radio receivers.
• Interference with magnetic compasses.
3. In the latter case compass rotation
rates have been noted. The effect (and speed)
can be replicated by exposing the compass to
an appropriate pulsed or varying magnetic
field.
4. France is known to have measured
magnetic field strengths in the vicinity of
sightings as early as the 1970s when an
extensive field measurement system (network of
sensors) was set up for nuclear effects and the
earth's geomagnetic field. Measurements to 1
part in 1000 established the change in field (in
the presence of a UAP) and extraordinarily-
high magnetic fields were sensed. When this
level was translated (i.e. scaled) to a reported
distance of a few hundred metres between
UAPs and radio receivers, from other reports
elsewhere, the magnetic flux was consistent
with the levels needed to cause the radio
receiver effects reported.
5. High frequency magnetic fields,
presumably from nearby UAPs, are reported as
causing battery acid heating (conducting
medium), and other conductors to warm-up,
while non-conductors, e.g. rubbers, plastics
have reportedly remained cold to the touch.
6. French reports suggest that the slowly
varying magnetic fields suspected do not
appear to noticeably cause any body-currents in
humans. The effects of EM fields on humans is
covered at Annex F.
7. A report from Finland in 1977, which
involved 170 troops on the Finnish border
reported all equipment 'jammed' and no
telephones.
D-1
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
ANNEX E
DIRECT THERMAL EFFECTS
1. Short-range observations, in almost
every reported instance, have been
accompanied by a sensation of heat, ranging
from mild warmth to severe burning. Normally
(but not exclusively) these appear to be line-of-
sight effects.
2. If an object is surrounded by a plasma
(usually described as 'a glow'), it can radiate
broad-band energy well beyond the visible
spectrum. If an object is without plasma (i.e.
seen to have a 'metal' surface), it can radiate
IR radiation from any gases or body heat which
may be present, or energy at UV wavelengths.
3. Reports of 'sunburn', severe sunburn,
and even eye-pain and loss of vision have been
reported. In one event the witness, a
policeman, suffered severe arm-burns through a
long-sleeved uniform. But his body was
otherwise protected by the car door, behind
which he was standing.
4. All indications are that the phenomena
at paragraph 3 above could not be IR or UV
but must have been microwave penetration at
very (ultra) high frequency(s), where even for
humans 'skin effect' (i.e. surface rather than
absorption microwave heating) can occur.
5. In the 1950s several reports were
received (France and South America) of
combined vehicle failure and mild shocks or
'tingling' in proximity to 'hovering' objects.
6. At the time of vehicle failure several
reports (Canada) have resulted in apparent
temporary paralysis of humans until the nearby
object moved away. It is possible that some
muscular control (motor-control) nerves can be
affected by electrical potential. This can be
replicated by medical scientists. One
explanation is that either constant or pulsed
microwave, coupling into the nervous systems,
may cause this affect. Pulsed interference with
the human system is possible because of the
500 milliseconds muscle relaxation delay.
7. At least one fatal incident is reported,
following what was believed to be radiation-
induced from one or more energy levels,
including the possibility of x-rays, or protons.
Effects, ranging from minor skin burns (i.e.
sunburn - like) to the level of blisters have also
been reported (USA).
E-1
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
ANNEX F
NON-IONISING EM EFFECTS ON HUMANS Para. No
EM FIELD FROM A PLASMA 1
Near Fields 2
UAP Near Fields 3
Variation with RF 7
Athermal Effects 8
Modulations 10
Near Field Coupling 11
Radiation Pattern 12
POTENTIAL NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS 13
APPLICABILITY TO UAP EVENTS 18
SUMMARY 20
F-1
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
ANNEX F
NON-IONISING EM EFFECTS ON HUMANS
EM FIELD FROM A PLASMA
1. The EM field from a radiating plasma
is assumed to be present in three forms:
- The Radiation field which diminishes with
range at 1/r
- Induction components which diminish at
1/r²
- A Quasi-Static field which reduces at 1/r³
2. Near Fields The quasi and static-fields
are near field components, only of
significance close to the source (i.e. the
UAP). They are of particular interest in the
study of those UAPs which might be caused
by plasmas or electromagnetic discharges.
Assuming that the dimension D (effective
linear 'aperture') of the plasma is large
compared with the wavelength (λ), then the
near field is taken to extend to a distance
2D²/λ from the source. The Radiation Field
(far-field) is not of interest in this study. In
the normal case of an EM source (for
example, antenna emission) the radiation field
high beyond the near field stabilises with
spatially uniform distributions of the E and
H field components, which are at right angles
to each other and to the direction of
propagation, they are in phase and have a
constant amplitude (for a given direction).
This is sufficient, for example, for radar
calculations. For the near-field there is an
arbitrary phase and amplitude relationship
between the E and H which makes
calculations more complex. To simplify
calculations for the near-field a 'plane-wave
equivalent' value is sometimes used. If the
E field or H fields are known, power density
is evaluated from them using S=EH/Z₀,
where Z₀ is the familiar characteristic wave
impedance of free space 377Ω.
5. It is not clear whether single, multiple
or broad-based radiation frequencies are
emitted from the airborne sources of interest
(UAPs). Unfortunately, the nearest data are
the magnetic field strength measurements
taken, the majority of UAP events only being
present for a few seconds.
6. Standard radiation hazard calculations
assume that at MF/HF the frequencies are
below whole body resonant frequencies and
direct hazard effects can be high. Most of
the work considering health effects from RF
frequencies and direct hazard effects can be
high. The maximum amount the body
absorbs (SAR rate) as between objects of
body-length and the free-space wavelength of
0.4 (for the human object) is significant.
The SAR maximum therefore occurs at
~80MHz (λ = 3.75m), varies with adults and
children and is dependent on whether the
subject is in contact with a conductive ground
or in free space.
7. Variation with RF Below an RF of
~30kHz, thermal and stimulation effects are
negligible in comparison to stimulation
effects and charging of bone and tissue cells.
In the RF range from ~100kHz to 1MHz, the
thermal and stimulation effects are of the
same order (Figure F-1). In the RF range
from ~1MHz the combined experimental
results for RFs up to 100MHz confirm the
power density values which are known not to
affect the human brain. In the above part of
the near-field power density values are not
known. There are, however, some known at
350 and 915MHz; and the new RF for
mobiles in 1760MHz. Of course any pursuit
of this
F-2
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED SECRET UK RESTRICTED from UAPs the following zones on the shaded diagram are of interest. Lines A and B (Figure F-1(d) & (e)) are the amplitudes of biological densities occurring in humans. The information at Figure F-1 is converted into incident E and H fields [ILLEGIBLE] with the shaded diagram are of interest. 8. The source of these values recognises that the maximum current densities in the brain of approximately 1mA/m² are in error by up to an order. Hence, they can only be treated with caution. In general, the values are: no biophysical action model and the recipient to whom it is entrusted in confidence, to anyone. 9. Athermal Effects Very little agreed scientific knowledge exists about athermal effects other than stimulating effects. Locational absorption of an EM field is defined by the frequency [ILLEGIBLE] annex D considers EM effects on Equipment and Objects and Annex F non-ionising effects on humans. 10. Modulations No firm conclusions on humans are also concerned with any modulation which may be present and this clearly affects the total time-energy (signal) received. Note the caution: 'Very few persons with spatially non-uniform fields of both salient and transverse directions of propagation, they are in phase and have a constant amplitude for sound and a wide range of descriptions are therefore used. 11. Near-Field Coupling Due to complicated, near-field structures, with different phase-difference between the E and H fields, a consideration of source variation can lead to complete absorption. Very few in-version (coupling) have been reported. Only take place when its orientation (polarization characteristic) is identical to the incident wave phase at that point. It is in that it might be possible for a human to be close to a UAP radiation, in that within its near-field while little effect, while a short distance away the coupling would be such to cause another human to receive stimulation resulting in quite different descriptions of what is being seen. It is suggested that very low levels of radiation in the near-field (and possibly below containing relaxation responses) of a UAP, where it is the nearby human brain may couple and result in the near-field. There is also some evidence that some humans are more susceptible than others to the fact that often the same person repeatedly 'observes' UAP events while others do not. 12. Radiation Pattern Although it may be assumed the (idealised) shape of the radiating UAP is spherical and that its radiation pattern is uniformly omni-directional, in relation to humans this is not necessarily the case. Frequent reports suggest that the (consumed plasmas) take up a variety of shapes and have 'hot spots' which are visible; Conventional logic is that the inhomogeneity and shape variation will lead to a non-uniform radiation distribution. Hence, there may well be hot spots of radiation emanating along some axis - which the close observer may, or may not, be exposed to. Further, the objects of interest are often observed/approached by specific observers in cars which will provide some screening. On other occasions the screening is supplied because some witnesses are in aircraft. There are cases where people have left their cars and suffered both immediate and after-effects. * 'RF Hazards Exposure Limits' European Union Geneva 1995 Título 3278-E F-3 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET UK RESTRICTED POTENTIAL MENTAL EFFECTS ON HUMANS 13. Neurological rather than biological effects may be the clue to some human behaviour after exposure to the near field of a UAP radiation. Particularly sensitive are the temporal lobe areas of the brain. Unlike other parts of the brain, the temporal cortex is dealing (in the processing between RF fields and brain activity was confirmed by the confirmed in the 1980s. In fact for 20 years or so much of the work has been done on the one hand to protect humans against RF hazards and secondly to understand the viability of microwave weapons. The amount of scientific papers on human interaction with RF fields in predigious (over 16,000 research papers) have been taken using devices which radiate at most RFs, including ELF (e.g. 50Hz, 50Hz) Much of the work is done on the broad-band requirements of brain activity mentioned above and the necessity to understand hazards from, modules, in one event from RF broadcast stations etc. In the UAP context, that maximum absorption (and logically the source of the brain fields in the near-field environment) is based upon the experimental studies of close encounters. This is of significance in the analysis of whether a UAP body radiates EM waves, and the validity of the electromagnetic measurements taken, the majority of UAP events only being present for a few seconds. 14. An important flaw is that the reported effect of (presumed) UAP radiations on humans is complicated, near-field structures with important phase-difference between the E and H fields, a consideration source variation can lead to complete absorption. Very few in-version have been reported. Only take place when its orientation (polarization characteristic) is identical to the incident wave phase at that point. It is in unaware that EM radiation as we currently understand it. 18. For experimental purposes RF energy has been launched using resonant dipole antennas in both E and H orientations! The amount absorbed was greatest at lower RFs (longer wavelengths) and at E field orientations. It is recognised [for the 16,000 research papers] that maximum absorption and for low frequency brain's response to close encounters) the UAP Study of Effects) that maximum absorption (and logically the source of the brain fields in the near-field environment) is, whether it be the E, H or both, is the forward-facing, head absorption at a more fundamental level. It is of significance, in the analysis and interpretation, since such close encounters (at para. 3 above) in the UAP context, that maximum absorption (and logically the source of the plasma) is at or just below the wavelength, focussing is in the head and it must be considered that such focusing could also mean that it may be some focusing effects or even the occurrence of several interacting frequencies from a UAP which cause the reported effects. F-4 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET UK RESTRICTED other than EM radiation as we currently understand it. 18. For experimental purposes RF energy has been launched using resonant dipole antennas in both E and H orientations! The amount absorbed was greatest at lower RFs (longer wavelengths) and at E field orientations. It is recognised [for the 16,000 research papers] that maximum absorption for the broad-band requirements of the UAP Study of Effects) that maximum absorption (and logically the source) in the case of the forward-facing, head absorption at a more fundamental level. It is of significance in the analysis and interpretation, since such close encounters (at para. 3 above) in the UAP context, that maximum absorption (and logically the source of the plasma) is at or just below the wavelength, focussing is in the head and it must be considered that such focusing could also mean that it may be some focusing effects or even the occurrence of several interacting frequencies from a UAP which cause the reported effects. 19. A wealth of other international experimental measurements (in 16,000 research papers) have been taken using devices which radiate at most RFs, including ELF (e.g. 50Hz, 50Hz). Much of the work is done on the broad-band requirements of brain activity mentioned above and the necessity to understand hazards from, modules, in one event from RF broadcast stations etc. In the UAP context, that maximum absorption (and logically the source of the brain fields in the near-field environment) is based upon the experimental studies of close encounters. This is of significance in the analysis of whether a UAP body radiates EM waves, and the validity of the electromagnetic measurements taken, the majority of UAP events only being present for a few seconds. * ² RF Energy, Deposition in a Homogeneous Model of Man: Near Field Exposure, M.A. Stuchly et al. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. Dec 1983 SUMMARY 20. Because few persons are exposed to the postulated UAP radiation, the following points are pertinent: - There is no history of after-effects of UAP exposure reported beyond 'feeling unwell for a few hours'. - Unlike other EM radiation sources no cumulative effects of exposure are reported or studied. - It is not certain that the radiation/fields are conventional and electromagnetic in nature. - No other known (even repeated) exposures to EM radiation (with conventional modulations) causes the 'close in time' syndrome reported by many (close encounter) witnesses world- wide. F-5 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
Table F-1 HUMAN EFFECTS THRESHOLD (U)
Microwave Maximum Radio PRF (Hz) Pulse
Threshold Frequency Duration
(mW cm⁻²) (MHz) (µsec)
Heard as: Shockwaves YES * >60,000 - *
Low Pitch YES 12 200-3000 30-100 1-100
High Pitch YES ~2000 Any Any Any
Smell YES * Any [3] Any
Taste[4] YES <13.1 Any <1000 Any
Felt as: Heat[4] YES >8.4 30,000 Any Any
Shock[2] YES * Any Any Any
Burns YES * 30,000 Any Any
Internal Burns YES * <3,000 Any Any
Paralysis YES * <3,000[5] >500 Any
Notes
[1] Reportedly enhanced if >500Hz
[2] Electrical shock
[3] Reportedly enhances smell
[4] >100µ Amp
[5] Added to those microwave heating effects can be the effects of IR
F-6
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNSER TZN
os —
. RESTRICTED |, |
VRS > wit | hee
Am) {f(MHz)}!"!
Object (UAP)'"! 100{3} 10{30} 1 {300} 0.10{3.000} 0.01 {30,000}
Diameter (m
pe [ee fee [ef | |
ps0 ew fe [wo we fe
Se
@ [Te [ee [we [we [me | vo _|
TABLE F-2: NEAR FIELD DISTANCES|3] (m)
Notes: [I] Assumes that UAP is a radiation plasma or charged mass source with
effective aperture shown. The recorded appearance of plasma balls
exceptionally reaches the largest value shown. However. this should not be
confused with the large triangles. rectangles and other large shapes reported.
These possibly have radiating peaks (c.g. at the "corners" but, as they do not
appear to be (visually) homogencous sccm unlikely to represent a total
radiation aperture
[2] It is not known whether UAPs radiate narrow or wide-band RFs
[3] The standard near-field criteria is used (2D*/2)
F-7
IA TANI . Oy) pees eee
UK RESTRICTED a
i \GECRETS Uli | ED' a= , =
Bs eT
0 .
fs: 4
jr] } a
"
(a) 0
= ,
"oor of 6 «610 100) (Wikg
SAR
Ls = 1.75 ci Py
1.2 l i) : ;
~~
q 1.3 2 +e a, a
2 z a
(b) z as é os \ (c)
7? {
as on x
oo ao - ~ -
& an 1. 1ooc ai Lo 10 120 6190 '
SAR Catt /gy/ atom 2) SAR Gaitng)
175 rr 175
"A 4
10 150
LJ
DIPOLE
125 ? 13
of }
gz 3
oe. \ F ©» ©
?
a3 Ys as
Q = °
Ql 10 10.0 100.0 61000. x 1 Lo 100 10.0 61000
SAR nt/ng/nWiew-2) SAR (ang)
Notes F-I(a) RF 3MHz fs
Figure F-1(b) RF 350MHz Far Field (ImW.cm')
Figure F-1(c) RF 350MHz Near Field for same far field
Figure F-1(d) RF 915MHz Far Field
Figure F-1(¢) RF915MHz Near Field
FIGURE F-1: DISTRIBUTION OF ABSORBED RADIATION
F-8
' UK RESTRICTED 2 D
i SECRET Y TeNIPCCHEbe ! UK RESTRICTED ey EUS bel | | - = « ' =. Vim 108 ce ; € be 1 105 : i SS * Ns 1 Wikg "< a oe .. O.1mAem? 10 ne a twAlom? 2 ag O.1wAlom? a ik 10" *. "s a 1 235 10! 108 103 104 105 108 = MHz Frequency * Notes 1 The longitudinal axis of the man is parallel to the orientation of the field 2 Numerical RMS values apply to the undisturbed field. c In other parts of the body (e.g. wrists or ankles), depending on the exposure conditions, current-density values up to tenfold greater are possible 2 For curves A, B and C, see the notes given in Figure F-3 FIGURE F-2: ELECTRIC FIELD-STRENGTHS WHICH INDUCE APPROXIMATELY THE INDICATED CURRENT DENSITIES IN THE HEAD AND IN THE CARDIAC REGION OF A MAN F-9 U} if! A eatin E, ae CTED ,
IN SEGRRTEEA 1 1 = 4 .'t4 ' UK RESTRICTED D) BNW be 1 WI) oi hes j/ pAccm®?, 10* 8 i 109 bs sel] a2 2, 5 |: by bs abs V J 1 Wihkg GD 4 ba ud ab —— a 10 \ 3 is 8 1 , ie] [A 4 A O41 1 10 10% 1 104 108 Hz Frequency Key: a}, @ Stimulation of sensory receptors immediately underneath surtace electrodes (Geddes et al., 1969). b;—bs Ventricular fibrillation thresholds for stimulation times of 1 sec or longer ( by: Imich et al., 1974; be: Roy et al., 1976; bs: Jacobsen et al., 1974; by: Osypka, 1963; bs: Watson et al., 1973). D "Envelope® threshold curve for extrasystole elicitation and ventricullar fibrillation; stimulation, 1 sec of longer (injury threshold), Cy, Cg Extra-cellular stimulation thresholds of single ceils (c,: Roberts and Smith, 1973; cg: Ranck, 1975). d Frequency dependence of stimulation thresholds for nerve/muscie systems (modified from Schaeter, 1940). This curve may be used as a lower "envelope" curve for excitation thresholds for & single unidirectonal pulses or pulse sequences. 1 Threshold for modulation among different neurons (Chan and Nicholson, 1986). Ie Modulation of neuronal excitability in rat hippocampal slices (Bawin et al., 1984). * c "Envelope" threshold value curve for stimulating effects (possibly hazardous). h,i.j.8 Calculated current densities for the threshold values of electrophosphenes (h: Adnan, 1977) magnetophosphenes (calculated current densities; i;: Silny, 1981; ip and is: Bernhardt, 1985) and variations of optically-generated reaction potentials (j: Silny, 1981). B shows the range over which biological effects are expected and observed. A Average value of naturally-flowing current density in the tissue; the values of the current Conanloe dus ts tre ciesbeal SOMET iva bests ov rs Recah ove cone macs Innouret a macroscopic level. Below this current density, absence of detectable effects is assumed. 1Wikg = The current density range above which additional thermal effects have to be considered. FIGURE F-3: THRESHOLD VALUES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT DENSITY FOR DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS F-10 HA ' a . aA # o> 1 pony = _. UKRESTRICTED © ED) . _— Lv ae ss errceT 1 hoe
\ gry em ~ . ees oe | UK RESTRICTED | [Se wee ftw wei i heme | Tesla Ale? 10! 10" 10° ". 108 . "ss, o .Y ™~ i ; 5 10-1 % ' 105 5 F AN aed 3 > ae 2 } 10-2 ee 10* } = i oe m. 1Wikg 10-3 i as 10° 135 ue O.1mAlem? 104 Bs *. ., 102 0.1Alem? res 10-5 10° 10° 10? 108 104 108 108 MHz Frequency Key: i Threshold values for magnetophosphenes; the upper curve corresponds to magnetic 4 fields where phosphenes were observed as pattems. *. | Changes in visually-produced potentials (from Silney, 1981). 0, Experimental values for cardiac stimulations, calculated for humans from experiments conducted on animals (from Siiney, 1986). For curves A, B, C and D, see the notes given in Fig. 16. Notes: 1. The magnetic field is varying sinusoidally. . Due conductivities and current at a local level, induced body-current densities may FIGURE F-4: MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITIES WHICH INDUCE APPROXIMATELY THE INDICATED CURRENT DENSITIES IN THE BRAIN AND THE HEART OF A MAN F-11 IA IAAL oA Xe) oe U UK RESTRICTED i
L UK Git he DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00 WORKING PAPER NO. 2 BALL AND BEAD LIGHTNING Para. Page INTRODUCTION 1 2-2 Ball Lightning 2 2-1 Bead Lightning 3 2-2 € SHAPES, SIZES AND STRUCTURES 7 22 MOTION 10 23 Velocity rT 2-3 SOUNDS 12 2-3 DURATION 13 2-4 RADIATION-HEAT AND LIGHT 14 2-4 Light 15 2-4 Heat 16 2-4 EM Radiation 17 2-4 é ODOURS 19 25: 7 EFFECTS ON HUMANS 20 : 2-5 EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT 21 2-5 EFFECTS ON EQUIPMENT 22 2-5 SUPPORTING THEORIES 23 2-6 LABORATORY PRODUCED BALL LIGHTNING 31 2-7 PLASMOID 38 28 February 1, 2000 XXXXXXXXxXxX 5.40 U , ukrestricteD | |!) SECRET 1 Lane bad
pie Jb WS Wl Thee Para. Page AURORAL LOOPS 39 2-8 Ball Light Ozone Spheres 39 2-8 Power Intensive Plasma Formations 40 2-8 (PPFs) BALL LIGHTNING AND AIRCRAFT 41 2-8 PLASMA SHAPE CHANGES AND SIZE 46 2-10 SURVEY OF COLOURS 47 2-10 OPTICAL 'THICKNESS' OF BLACK RADIATORS 48 2-11 THERMO-CHEMICAL REFRIGERATION 49 2-11 & SUMMARY OF BALL LIGHTNING 50 2-11 CHARACTERISTICS Near-Terrestrial Events $1 2-11 In-Structure Phenomena $2 2-12 Demise 53 2-12 SUMMARY - RELEVANCE OF BALL & BEAD 54 2-12 LIGHTNING TO UAP REPORTS e 1 \ woresriiciygy | e[) ale A fh
UN QuE AM . I THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BALL AND BEAD LIGHTNING INTRODUCTION i A review of the nature of Ball and link. Either lifetime (duration) is explained and Bead Lightning has been made, because of the stability not, or for example, colour does not possibility of this being reported: match expected temperatures. For other theories, for example the vortex explanation, - Asa visual unexplained UAP sighting - does not explain electrical properties. Apart since this phenomena can exist up to two from Ball Lightning and Earth Lights, many * hours after a storm and the luminous such occurrences are known simply as globe can be retained on the human eye 'atmospheric spherical formations'. While the (as an after image on the retina) and probability of the occurrence of ball lightning reported as an object. somewhere on earth has been calculated as between 10° and 10° per square kilometre per - As a potential UAP phenomena which minute (equating to about 100 to 1000 balls can occur in all weather situations - even world-wide per hour); it can only be seen at in a clear sky. close range and many events must be unrecorded. Some, of course, are black, others - The sounds and colours which can be translucent, both have weak thermal radiation. produced by ball lightning are frequently Reportedly bright spots or 'beams of light' are similar to those which appear on UK likely to occur when the phenomenon UAP reports. approaches a conducting object. (Comment: Lightning, as a topic, has only been seriously often by car owners who report supposed (scientifically) investigated for the last 200-300 'extra terrestrial' objects with illuminated years. Reports go back to at least "Globes 'portholes']. The 'beams' often converge Igneous', (St. Gregory of Tours 6th Century unlike, for example, searchlights and this * AD), Aristotle 4th Century BC and others in appears to be due to lens effects caused by the the First Century BC. On occasions the Ball high electric field intensity of the surface, or variety of lightning is known as a 'solid' or 'shell' of the ball (or other shape seen) simply 'fireball'. The phenomenon of Ball Lightning is assessed to involve the disciplines 2. Ball Lightning A study of Ball of chemistry, meteorology, _ physics, Lightning can be classified under the following optical and various electrical models and ee ee pend - Conditions and locations for occurrence. ly investigated here to a to show waiduay of damian Cee oa ca ~ Shapes, sizes and structures identification of many UAP events as ball - Motion (Velocity and Trajectory) lightning or its similar relation phenomenon wo "Earth Lights'. Of the numerous explanations there is generally at least one important aspect - Duration that is not totally fulfilled and a variety of sd : theories are put forward to explain the missing ~ Retsin Gitlin " ' 2-1 11) Gatdestagt |! [= UI acta OH Hl
| NCSORETIO | rie
Ui UK uh {
5 Uw be 1 i | =
- Effect on Humans - Enmitted from a 'bend' in conventional
a lightning
- Effect on the Environment
- Effect on Equipment - Drop from clouds (initially)
- Odours On occasions ball lightning has no apparent
- Electrical/Chemical theory ee
Ball Lightning variety =
Sahining decays ina variety of ways- $8 = 4 Bead Lightning Bead lightning (5-
. ; 15%) is much less prevalent than ball lightning
3, Ball Lightning is believed to be formed (85-95%) and is the residue of cloud-to-cloud
from an 'ordinary' flash of lightning - for or cloud to surface lightning strokes where a
hich the flianiliar 'slectsicalistocmes are a row of balls are seen separated by darker
generator. However, it can also occur without regions in a string-like form. Bead lightning is
generally observed at a distance, in contrast to
the presence of a storm or of >
visible/conventional lightning. Apart from ball lightning which is observed nearby. As for
9s 3 ' ' ball lightning, the incidence of the occurrence
these conditions, once present, the 'balls' or n naa
« , of bead lightning is quite low. One survey
beads' can last for a few seconds up to s
: aPieke found only 1600 reports between 1850 and
minutes. Ball lightning can enter rooms PES tie :
, 1978! Bead lightning is also sometimes called
(usually through apertures (e.g. chimneys, - 2 a PHB RR
ind : pearl' lightning. Some 'strings' have been
¥ D 08 aap eae have bye reported as i-sinusoidal in form, while
elongation of the beads (or balls) suggests
space. Instances have been reported where ball sausage or cigar-shapes [often a feature of
lightning has entered aircraft (BOAC 1938 and UAP reports]
TWA 1948 Easter Airlines 1963, USAF KC- precaes
all reports identified as ball lightning occur in occur at low altitude - most probably because
the summer months. 95% are reported in the that is the location of most observers; hence
hours 1300-2359 hours and mostly clustered in this limitation may not be true in practice (see
the period 1600-2000 hours . It has even been para. 22 below). Insufficient evidence exists to
oe 5 ee be certain of all the conditions for ball and bead
reported in the vicinity marshes, volcanoes lightning formation. No single theory appears
ne) a ee to satisfy all the criteria. The ball is sometimes
balls/globes appear in rain, in clear skies, in seen with a halo
still conditions or wind, move against the wind, &
can be vortex associated, in snow, near the 6 Ball lightning is sometimes mistakenly
ground and at altitude. Undoubtedly the largest reported as St. Elmo's fire
occurrence is during storms/cyclonic
conditions. Conditions for ball lightning SHAPES, SIZES AND STRUCTURES
formation appear to be:
: On some occasions bead lightning,
- Charge particle connected often described as a 'string of sausages' (i.e.
: ; elongated beads), converts or "breaks off into
- Frictional action of dust (hence Volcanic a single glowing ball as the pinching effect
links) which separates the components disappears,
- Dependent on the presence of very high leaving a single glowing ball (or balls). Shapes
electrical charges and fields are invariably described as globes. Sometimes
flames seem to be revolving inside the globe
- Possibly dependent on the formation of On rare occasions, two balls have been
natural EM radiation reported linked together (a metre or two apart),
while on others oval, or pear-shaped forms are
\ hy ran AAT =
~ ot ip VOLT mT =IN ISROREQEO | Pir
}) \ tow i
i Us heed i
'rod-shaped' systems have been seen, and also - Very rapidly point to point (jumping or
'hollow' spheres. darting)
. . - Attracted to enclosures (e.g. indoors/in
8 Ball dimension reported vary from a
few centimetres to 12-15m in diameter. Some vehicles/aircraft)
examples had ball diameters of 22cm (inside - Rolling (on earth's surface, wet or dry)
eastern Airlines Aircraft, 30cm, 50cm, 60cm, E
8.5m, 12.8m, and a 38cm (rod). A summary of 7 w from Lake
the scientific factors which control plasma - Tuming sharply/abruptly
sizing is at paragraph 30, below. Optical . bol
illusion effects can clearly change the ea ia % En
perception of size. It is important to note that - Spinning or spiralling
an increase of light intensity can be perceived - Floating
as an increase/change in size or shape. The
balls are sometimes hazy in outline and may - Motionless/hovering
not be truly spherical (when not one of the - Divine (thi
pole iving (at high om )
x - Apparently moving at windspeed
9. Within the bounds of the shapes, me s (to a few metres in height)
described above, there appear to be three — ne
structural types: - Darting to a conductor (especially water,
fences etc.)
(a) Balls with a solid appearance with a ome * to an object) or 'pushing' at
dull or reflecting surface, or with a maa ao
solid core in a translucent envelope
(often 30-30cm in diameter). : a a (and floating away from an
, object
(b) A rotating structure.
; - In complex trajectory (20% of reports)
(c) A buming appearance (often <40cm
diameter). - Vortex-associated
Reports suggest that single balls can break up - Float ('squeeze') through a small hole
into smaller ones (or disperse - see para. 12 and then expand to a large ball-shape.
below). 11. Velocity Secondly the ball lightning
often has velocity in one or more of the
* MOTION following categories.
10. The motion attributes reported are, - Often low velocity (including zero)
is reported as moving in one or more of the - Estimated 100-1200ms
following directions or types of movement: Frequently the speed is reported (when near the
ground) as that of a man walking or running.
- Cloud-to-cloud The spiral or rotational form, which is often
- Earth-to-cloud vortex-associated, appears to take the form of a
— hydrodynamic or plasma vortex.
- Ina horizontal path (55% of occasions SOUNDS
and usually of the 'burning'
' eo ype) 12. Many sightings have been made when
~ _ Climbing and bouncing/rebounding the ball makes no sound, while others have:
- Changing course
; - Hissed (hence confusion with St. Elmo's
- Movement opposite to wind direction fire)
2-3
AIA AAAI =
|) i hesraice ( [rie
Vi geoner ai iC! . =f. § Lain | & it ile - Exploded (after which they disappear colour change. Some structures seem to favour either with a pop, a mild bang or a certain colours. The main attributes are significant explosion) - Possibly imploded - Rod structures are often purple/violet . ' s - Solid types (see para. 9) often appear as Buzzed or "fluttered green/violet ~ Sparked (when colliding with foliage, - Rotating types can have a combination of objects) colours + Coctied - Buming types are mostly red or —— sounds occur quite a from red/yellow in appearance 1 OF precipitation - in may be . no storm present. Termination often occurs pence Meg tS = Gund' @ after a colour change (see para. 15 below). P : Sometimes a residue is left after an explosion - Hovering or horizontal motion types are (no further information). often red or red/yellow DURATION - Predominantly red if "floating" ad - Blue or blue/white occurs on only 5% of 13, The duration of ball lightening varies reports from a few seconds to several minutes. - Red or yellow types occur on 60% of However, most seem to last for up to five reports, imes reported as being in a seconds, with the longest on record as 15 bluish envelope minutes. - Less than 1% change colour RADIATION - HEAT AND LIGHT =", Ck aed anata tirana ce ties 14, Almost all ball lightning reports are - Can leave behind smoke-colour trial views is eyierwlipers: 4 oe jenn - Emit, on occasions, bright flashes the observers recall the added features of sound - Reported blue or white 'hollow' (paragraph 12, above) and any damage caused, - Leave behind a mist (seen as direct light) which is dealt with below at paras 20 to 22 or blue or white (in reflected light) in 15. Light Attention is drawn to the re phenomena visually, and although there are - Smelly types leave behind a brown mist ¥ pick ae sightings fall into the - Colours may be pulsating 16. Heat Reports both of intense heat and - Blue or blue/green of no apparent heat can be found. The - Red (or pink/rose-pink) sttributes reported are - Red changing to white - Apparent colour on the surface and a hot - Violet changing to white or - Yellow - "Ball fell into water tank and boiled the - Yellow changing to white ened - White to red (0 P nals ae - Absence of heat, despite intense light occasion for 65 seconds) - ~1% (of those closer than 15m) were Most sightings fall in the red or red/yellow ee category. They often disappear noisily after a 2-4 MiAL AAA = ey | itm.) jf gS! am] , en]
ua -{ '
Sore il Ic
- Temperature emitted burns humans (see - Humans burned on hands, feet and arms
paragraph 20, below). etc (This seems to be
17. EM Radiation An intense E field, set ye "peer a as sometimes
up during st Gickd cal Gl } no heat is repo!
protrusions. This is thought to account for the - Startling and fight (specially with
attraction (often erratic darting movements) of noisy/explosive types of ball-lightning).
globes/balls to sharp edges, pylons, fence etc. Some effects of fright are reported in
The presence of these fields causes sparking, animals. Hairs bristle, dogs/cats cower,
incandescent traces (and radio farm animals stampede in fields
interference/static). The electrical potential is e
quoted as 3-400kVm'. Pyrotechnic Hiamens knocked over.
'streamers', like a fireworks 'burst', Potential electromagnetic mental effects on
accompany the high potentials. EM radiation humans, separate from these other, more
(E plus H fields) are present, but little magnetic tangible physical effects, are considered at
(H_ field) measurement has been made. Working Paper No. | Annex F.
Radiation (measured as RF) in storms can be at
6kHz to 450MHz. When lightning is present EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT
@ _the radiation is very wideband 100Hz-
4000MHz, vertically polarised. The power 21 The following effects have been
present is reported to fall off as 1/f*. The logic Teported:
for the radiation is considered at paragraph 23,
below - Holes in the ground (reportedly up to lm
in diameter and over 1m deep)
18 There is no indication of gamma - Furrows in the earth
radiation from either ball or bead lightning.
- Trees uprooted
ODOURS - Granite boulders broken/cracked
19, Odours are frequently present. Most - Water boiled (see 'heat' above (para. 16)
are reported as: and discussion at para. 26 below)
- Electrically-excited —_ atomic/molecular
~ Sharp species, causing single and multiple
- Repugnant atmospheric discharges and micro-
ew lai biloba
- arti
— wee atmospheric dust particles
- Nitric oxide/dioxide : a ce iced ore ee
- Bio-luminescence chemi
- Methane luminescence/due to chemical reactions
- Buming. (not due to thermal sources)
It is known that an increased nitrogen level - Production of visible light at room
persists for long periods after passage of a temperatures (and at other temperatures)
lightning ball. - Atmospheric trails/traces (usually
terminating at the ball, or persisting
Se afterwards). Pyrotechnic in appearance.
20. Serious burns and other effects are MENTS
reported. [It is of particular interest that many SEFECTS ON EQUIP
Of these ave similar to Gees Seppe Sy UAP n Apart from the reported 'static' on
observers}: receiving equipment (see also EM Radiation
(para. 17 above), example effects are
r 2-5
PIKIAL AAAIE I=73 3 "4 | UKRESTRICTEDS, | o> | Vie IV Ui | = - Attachment to power lines/electrical - If the body is hot, why does it not rise? oa (but 10 effect on the system - What constraints could be keeping it at F level altitude (floating type) . — of various diameters into - Is the plasma rotating? If so is this the means of storing it's energy? ~ Stopped (Russian) aircraft engine (1956) - Is the spiral action (seen in vortices) due - Military fighter destroyed (1948) to the Earth's E and H fields - Moved ahead of aircraft (Russian 1956) 27. The energy stored (E) must be . . i proportional to volume, and E must be — Ole all oe proportional to the cube of the cloud ; dimension. Similarly the light emitted is The aircraft incidents above were at altitudes proportional to the surface area. Hence, the from 2500m to 3400m. Some general EM light is proportional to the square of a effects on equipment (not necessarily ball dimension. Plasma theory shows that a 10cm lightning) are also discussed at Working Paper diameter ball could glow for 0.01 sec. The No. | Annex D. maximum energy which, in theory, could be + stored in a ball appears to be less than could SUPPORTING THEORIES sustain it. In theory if the ball is lighter or ; heavier than air, then it should, respectively 23. _No single theory seems to support all rise or fall. For equilibrium (hover or "float') the criteria. The phenomena appears to be the ball density must be 1.29 x 10°gm. cm.".' sighted only when one or more of the following are present: 28 To achieve colours, one associates this - Charged particles or droplets with temperatures: - High electrical charges in the atmosphere Yellow 2=5800A= 5000°K (not necessarily caused by lightning) . - When dust particles are generated (e.g. Rei A 6300A= <onrs. cong ee Blue A=4700A= —6200°K - When high concentrations of nitrogen re saul omnis auetaeel White - 10,000°K to oes 14000°K - When marsh gas (methane) is given off oe - Vortices (incandescent gas vortices). This, of course, does not accord with the 24. Luminosity is. observed' from perception of colours reported when no heat is : reported. It may be, of course, that, although droplets of opposite charges. The plasma ; : i present, no heat was felt/sensed for various (nsmcld) oy Agha = reasons (e.g. | e, cooling wind, etc.) luminous material with sizes, structures and sas Za , SAG 8 CAE, SHEE. 2 29. The logic is that to glow for longer 25. Bt is Known that bell Ighming ogres on Cie OS Pee 2 oe ae natural electromagnetic radiation formation. cd cs a However, it has been impossible to produce in . PERT , unless the object hes scht 30. The diameter of a spherical ionic f resi ond. fi eaheapeth 5 plasma is determined by the resonance of the : parser ya rye' rere — pay ball with the EM oscillations of the external = Ks equilibrium. wave at which energy absorption is most efficient. Resonance occurs when (for a Fg ee sphere), the 2 of the external radiation is 3.65 ® : times the sphere diameter. To get typical ball INIAPAAQQIFIE ir UK RESTRIC Siri] 'SP SRS iL Eke
A} ' WS bel WY sizes reported, % would have to be 35-100cm. more power applied, the larger the diameter Hence, the upper limit would be which may be produced Hence, the 3x10*/1=300MHz (whereas 30 and 50MHz are phenomenon might be scaleable reported from microcharges). It should be noted that rarely are there any measurements 33 Other characteristics clearly depend on from real ball lightning; any measurements the materials and size of the electrodes and quoted are from experiments attempting to their burning temperature when a tremendous simulate the phenomenon. energy level is applied to a very small surface area. For aluminium this is of the order LABORATORY-PRODUCED BALL 4400°F. As might be expected, as the fireballs LIGHTNING surface they sizzle and hiss, some leave the surface and produce spiralling smoke trails, 31 Many attempts have been made to leading to the supposition that the fireballs are produce ball lightning under laboratory spinning (see below). Different electrode types conditions and it is reported' that (in the USA) produce more or less smoke. Those remaining it is routinely possible to produce a specific on the water exhibit random motion until they type of this phenomenon. Golka also claims decay. that plasmoids can be produced by combustion * inside a 'microwave oven'. However, it is not 34, Experiments were only made with the proposed that the ball lightning generated electrodes under water because this method accounts for all types. In the experiments the enabled measurements to be made before the fireballs lasted from two to five seconds but fireballs darted off in all directions, making with only diameters of ~lcm. This has been measurements difficult. Whereas previous achieved by short-circuiting 60Hz currents as researchers had expected high voltages to be a low as 1200A across copper and aluminium prime requirement, these experiments were electrodes under ~2cm of water. Another made at 40-50 volts. Even so, enough energy researcher (Silberg, unreferenced) describes overall was deposited on occasions to make the how this phenomenon, produced green fireballs balls leave the surface of the experimental tank in a submarine engine room, using 260 Volts and leap onto the floor. and 156,000 Amperes. Ball diameter was 6 to 10cm. For a 10cm diameter ball (volume 35. Aluminium electrodes produce white 515cm*) there are 1.4 X 10 molecules. When fireballs, while iron-to-iron electrodes produce the medium (used in the switching contacts) is yellow. Either the outer surface or the kernel nitrogen and an ionisation energy of 15eV per appears to be spinning. As soon as the ball ion pair for the single ionisation, it can be stops emitting light, it shrinks to sugar-grain @ calculated that there must be 3.4 X 10* Joules size. If over water these particles sink. contained in the ball. The ball quickly disperses unless a source of replenishment 36, It is postulated that if the sphere is energy is present. spinning a boundary layer phenomena will be set up, retarding thermal radiation in the same 32. The fireballs produced rise to the way that the filament of an incandescent lamp surface and remain until exhausted, 1-2KJ of forms sheath layers which keep the filament at energy having been deposited. The type of a higher temperature lightning balls produced are reported to be similar to those observed in aircraft during 37. As a result of these experiments the flight and, strangely, in submarines during author suggests that, as ball lightning has only WWII. With higher power the 'ball' can be very rarely been reported inside pressurised made to travel higher from the surface and aircraft, that the product of the balls was due to 'bounce' and 'dance'. It is postulated that the natural lightning attachment to the aircraft skin forming a small hole (at 4400°F) with "a oo consequent formation of a plasma ball on the 'Laboratory-Produced Ball Lightning" R.K.Golka, Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 99 No. D5 May 20 1994. 2-7 ' Serer i! IL.
A | 4 ) U estas [FED v at PLASMOID AURORAL LOOPS 38. A plasmoid is postulated as formed by 39. Ball Light Ozone Spheres The a small solane of plasma (small as compared gravitational yamtsat | ean ., mea ' zs in diameter is it we descend. A with ~~ ), where d is the diameter of the final 0.5m diameter sphere would experience a force ball. The energy is formed by RF at 4/3.65d, of 54g. If the sphere was visible ozone, on and ionisation grows - but eventually becomes sudden expansion when conversion occurs to stabilised and expands but eventually deviates oxygen (20 litres for a 50cm sphere of ozone), from resonance and cools and returns to it produces explosive energy. Ozone is the only d=1/3.65. A weak shock is formed on collapse __ 848 denser than air produced in quantity under the cep Po : ear aa a ad auiitigaiad discharge. The earth's oka P oF qa ve i or and ozone spheres are both generally negatively ere becikahi ca id st be charged. Although blue in colour, if nitrogen is . P present the explosion colour is yellow sustained by RF energy at low pressure, and the concept of a phase-locked loop of EM radiation at a wavelength stable to the 40. Power Intensive Plasma Formations ¢ circumstances previously has also been (PPFs) In the search for the key characteristics suggested. It is suggested, in this instance, that of ball (and bead) lightning PPFs, a related the stable standing wave excites the ambient phenomenon appeared to show some further gases to glow and that the colour is dependent similarities to UAP reports: of which the most on the constituents, such as dust etc. in relevant are: suspension. In some cases it is claimed that ball lightning has the ability by breca light, - PPF dimensions extend to tens of cm hence it can be grey or black in appearance. - They can disappear in one point of space and simultaneously appear in another Ball Lightning - sometimes has glowing - Sound propagation speeds in PPF are idee eh much higher than the speed of sound in Sika gas and may reach 1600 ms". sphere despite slow - a i temperature inside is : ' - PPFs can bum metals leaving holes (but = 1 aliments not affect dielectric material) se electronic excitation - PPFs do not disturb the gases they pass through in movement. It is theorised (Ashby and Whitehead, Large PPFs (e.g. 1m diameter) are known as Aldermaston 1971), following the collection of METEOXTRONES. Working papers 19, 21 remotely sensed signals during thunderstorms, and 24 describe other types of atmospheric that because gamma-ray levels soared plasmas dramatically (X50), on several occasions (for several seconds) that more complex explanations than hitherto might be responsible BALL LIGHTNING AND AIRCRAFT for the plasma production - perhaps involving 41. The reported incidences of ball (micrometres) However, itis nor clear _'lihting 'ving' ahead or behind aircraft have Son 4n cue walt a ca brought about some investigations into the prelims rma : pipe preambles: expected characteristics of ball in the aircraft one siiple wit s- 8 well Gocmemeated airstream. It seems likely that the incidence of CCCHTENCES Oy SENKIpSS WHROSSCS. sightings of 'foo fighters' (as they became known in World War 2) would increase, purely 2-8 Nish OO! TIE 'ae Gp il iL.
AISECRE@: OI Fir 1 \ggrestincre | is i because of the huge numbers of aircraft flying - Gaidukov [3] reported after modelling the certainly much more night flying than had been interaction that: carried out in the short history of manned flight. - All efforts should be made to avoid lightning seen ahead (before a ball is 42. — 'It is stated that large radius ball formed) pay gan Lwrersa roaster bamagd - To avoid the chance of an encounter with TALMAULING shape : a ball, pilots should 'encircle around a less constant distance from the aircraft. The AS raga oes ay ' vertical line passing through the centre of ball' is able to do so because it is not solid the ligk , (otherwise a thrust force of thousands of Kg : would be needed )! It is postulated that the - Pendulum-like undulations in altitude layer of air adjacent to the surface of the ball may be seen (by balls ahead), and every loses its viscous properties. The ball follows effort should be made to place the ball the aircraft even in manoeuvres. Observations aster, where it will assume a stable a When it is in the airstream of an aircraft it is once the pilot has ensured that the ball is postulated that it behaves as a non-deformable ae solid sphere in the airflow which holds its : 'a described elsewhere in this Working Paper. (tail chase!) are not unusual The main reason for interest in close encounters 45. Several comments can be made: of aircraft with ball lightning is one of flight safety. It is reported that large balls can be (a) The instances of phenomena of ball comparable with body diameter of large lightning ahead of, or behind, aircraft aircraft and can be 'captured' by the exhaust is relatively rare, but the Russian from engines and 'chase' the aircraft at a research suggests, apart from initial velocity of 150-200ms' (278-370kts), lightning avoidance, that the aircraft maintaining an apparent constant range from would be safe with the ball astern. the tail assembly. : (b) Reports of balls above aircraft 43. One (TU134) pilot reported that at an 'pushing or forcing' an aircraft to altitude of 10,000ft and flying at a velocity of descend are of concern, even if the ball 800km hr? (~220ms"), the ball (in this case does not cause physical damage its * green) "appeared as though tethered behind the presence is clearly menacing to the aircraft". Another (Russian) crew report, when uninitiated - especially as it occurs flying at 7500ft altitude were "followed" by a suddenly. huge ball which was still in 'pursuit' after a (c) A 'collision' from astem is not fast descent to 4500ft. It refused to leave considered likely. despite manoeuvre - which was limited for an : es airliner. (d) A 'collision' head-on is possible and its imminence might cause violent pilot 44 If the moving object were solid it (control) reaction even though the would take the force of many Newtons to make contact may not (at the last moment) it follow an aircraft. Clearly the ball is have actually occurred sensibly weightless (apart from the mass of the The 'stand off' of the ball lightning from an gases it contains). It is believed that the aircraft seems to be very much like the electrical charge of the ball diminishes as situation encountered in several scenarios ionisation of the air-layer in contact with its where pilots have been scrambled to investigate surface occurs. The USSR treated the ball 'UFO' sightings. A scenario where this occurs lightning phenomenon as very important and not only involves the 'stand-off described here 2-9 INEM ee OPH #1 i SAG hor er | - . € 45-4 nm eo te te t = is
_ UK RES: A fess NEI IED but also the 'black' centre described, below, at SURVEY OF COLOURS para. 48 47. Smirnov' analysed over 4100 ball/bead PLASMA SHAPE CHANGES AND SIZE reports (indicating that the Former Soviet Union must have a considerable database on 46 It can be argued that the buoyancy of UAP-type topics). The total power radiated by the plasma is balanced by charged ion droplet a black body obeys the Stephen-Boltzmann mass, with the actual shape make-up dependent Law of proportionality to the fourth power of on the distribution of forces within the ball. temperature and in 4112 samples the Although some have suggested that the oval temperatures produced the following statistical shapes occasionally reported are due, not to the colour distribution: mass of the droplets/particles (which gravity may pull into a pear shape, individually), but to White 20.4% the presence of a strong D.C. field, elongating the ball in the field direction. It is believed that Red/Pink 17.7% the production of nitric acid (note the section on nitrous smells) leads to an inflow of air Orange 23.1% which aids ball stability. The size of the ball : s seems to be determined at its creation[4] and it Yellow 20.2% is believed the cycle of change in electric field, ' of ion production, of water demand, and then Green 1.4% anergy but not ne size. In the Blue/Violet 11.4% many attempts to develop a theory to explain ; — ball lightning (and by so doing possibly Mixed Colours 5.3% understanding the 'earthlights' phenomenon), it en ae ae oa Se ee Ee Lae atmospheric luminous phenomenon seen as a ee ae sata dithcak oo cel ball, there is around an 80% likelihood of the ' gee at ths tun cf ee ball (or bead) colour being either white, recognised theory, though : Red/Pink, Orange or Yellow and around a 20% century it was recognised that Maxwell's chance of it being one of these four options, equations could be gmeralised to include rather than green, blue or mixed magnetic charge and current as the murror- partners to electric charge and electric current An apparent paradox in the understanding of Since then 'new physics', has postulated the the intensity (and hence colours) has been that magnetic photon' as a corollary to the more the calculated radiant power (using colour widely known convestionsl optical photon temperature to determine intensity) has resulted Hence, some theories conceming the ball in intensities that seem to be far too large to be lightning phenomenon have developed using the in agreement with actual observations of heat 'magnetic photon' and 'magnetic charge and light. One of the later theories resolves this Vortons', in tum, are postulated to occur in by suggesting that the vortons (see para. 46 pairs and create 2 ees re field. above), moving as a gas, exhibit positive (Comment: This is of particular significance Doppler shifts of the radiant black-body energy when related bes the discovery that humans to a higher colour temperature (moving towards exposed to rotating magnetic fields can produce the observer) and to a lower colour temperature responses strikingly similar to those reported for movement away. Variable cloud shapes from close encounters with's UAE}. other than balls can occur, it is claimed, if a ferromagnetic-like interaction of the dipole forces of the individual vortons occurs * Smirnov B.M. Sov. Phys. USP 35 650 (1992) and Phys Rep No. 224 151 (1993) 2-10 ING Raqiei= Soe el ey De
UP SEE Orit 1 eseemmen °F |) OPTICAL 'THICKNESS' OF BLACK SUMMARY OF BALL LIGHTNING BODY RADIATORS CHARACTERISTICS 48. A supportable theory suggests that 50. A survey of literature on ball and bead some balls have a coherent core which is too lightning and its relevance to UAP reports, has cool to radiate in the optical visible spectrum - shown that: hence such a volume would appear totally black. The visible appearance of the - There is a near constant brightness, size phenomenon depends on optical 'thickness', and shape, which can exist from a few where: seconds to minutes - If the body (of gases/particles??) is hot - i aaa have considerable enough to radiate, then its intensity is uniform over the surface; independent of - It is possible for an electronically- the angle the surface makes with the charged body (possibly including ball sightline of the observer. lightning) to 'attach itself to an aircraft , : in flight; where, apparently due to a e : ian ae ee An balance of fields (clectrostatic/magnetic optical region, it will Saks shai' or EM), it can remain in close proximity any opti er : radiations aa ae aki (formation abreast or astern) and hence would be 'seen' as a totally - Ball lightning can enter houses and NOTE: This later statement would seem to ee have a significant read-across to frequent UAP sightings where a black shape (often - Sounds and smells are present on rare rectangular or triangular) is seen between occasions. These are both often visible lights at the extremities. Although, described, respectively, as 'electrical' Black and grey-body radiators are, (e.g. buzzing sounds, or explosions) and respectively, 'thick' and 'thin' optical sources. smells witnesses associate with electrical equipment, such as ___ insulators THERMO-CHEMICAL overheating or rotten eggs. REFRIGERATION 51. Near Terrestrial Events There is a . . . tendency for ball lightning not to rise - most 49. Considerable evidence exists to show eae incid wee ; sightings remain at low level near the earth in a * a a toe ee ee near horizontal path. This is explained, in conditions of high humidity are present. theory, in the reasonable expectation that the paras, Weems ee seabed yr eager a vei 's — aoe so cn ee re such that the postulated radially-moving hydrated and this action adds heat to the -""eeative ions form a static charge on nearby system; keeping the hydration zone (boundary) surfaces which tend to repel the negative body fai . . . of the ball; keeping it at a distance. This, it is rly hot. However, if the ions survive long 7 E ithe bales enough to become hydrated by ~5 water argued, is the most likely reason for 74 lecules it is lated that cooling reportedly try to pass through any aperture (i.¢. To this thermochemical action is attributed the Window, door, chimney). 'In short, as it moves characteristics of the reported harml of it creates a field which tends to hold the ball in occasional human brushing contact with a ball 'Position (e.g. at constant altitude outdoors, or end the season foe the Choudl faxdistinct across the centre of a room Further, since no appearance of the edges of the ball. charge builds on the aperture, ee ee ce proceed - presumably sending a positive charge somewhere ahead. This may also account for 2-11 AI, le ed Ee i RES ef i oa l) Xe . wail iL.
MS Arie is OIri£ the propensity of balls to 'dart' towards power plasmas of other origins than ball or bead cables or any object where the radial does not lightning may also decay in the same way. exceed the local positive value. Hence, in the UAP sighting reports it is almost impossible to determine the origin of a ay UrStructure Phenomena The fact that particular UAP because, it is believed, the P phenomena can reportedly exist in : P rar : closed inated atracaes that. , behaviour is very similar. Further, if the to expectations, the existence of the ball is premise that meteors (see Working Papers and apparently not dependent on an external statistical results at Volume 1) also cause the Ang : : formation of UAP, then a UAP could be but must retain it's own electric or magnetic ; field in order to exist and, once formed, is self- formed during a thunderstorm (as well as from sustaining until its demise. Within the past year a i some researchers have suggested that ; atmospheric plasmas may owe their duration to a combination of both vertical and horizontal (ie. orthogonal) magnetic looped fields which SUMMARY - RELEVANCE TO UAP contain and sustain the phenomena. If this is 54. An examination of a wide range of the case the process may be applicable to any research into ball and bead lightning has shown atmospheric plasma - however formed, if the that it is certainly connected with a proportion 2 field are strong enough. It has been proposed of the UAP reports received from within the [6] that the stability of a volume (ball) of air at UK airspace. Descriptions of these particular 16,000 to 30,000 degrees Kelvin might be forms of lightning correlate in time, colour and contained within linked magnetic _ lines. motion with qualitative description often given Discharge arcs (e.g.lightning) advance along by reliable UAP witnesses. Because those narrow tracks 50-100um in diameter in air. UAP which are formed and then reported as a These streamers would only occupay a small result of lightning are, of course, transitory in volume of the ball. It is postulated that some nature and their form is apparently changing as of these form short circuits, resulting in they head towards demise, it is reasonable that circulating currents, each loop acting as a coil. the colour descriptions vary, that they exhibit the physical appearance of the charge- strongly influential electrical field can be shown by Maxwell's equations that a pyrotechnic displays. All of which are 'magnetic knot' is feasible and this has now unfamiliar to the majority of the population. conducted energy cannot be stationary and is postulated to produce a slowly-varying B magnetic field. The magnetic energy is a REFERENCES: function of the ball radius, the vacuum magnetic permeability, the number of magnetic ! "Ball and Bead Lightning" J.D. Barry lines which are linked and a field normalising Plenum 1980. function. It is not within the scope of this study 2. "The Nature of Ball Lightning" to pursue this important phenomenon further, S.Singer Plenum 1971. other than to emphasise the likely connection es i between this, the formation of plasmas by 3. Hydrodynamic Model of the meteors and the effects of varying magnetic Interaction of Ball Lighting with the fields on humans (Working Paper No 25), in Airstream of an Aircraft in Flight" N.1. the UAP context. Gaidukov. Technical Physics 38(9) ane = EE 53. Demise For those balls/beads visible to humans it is reported that the silent demise is 4. Tumer DJ. "Ball Lightning" Phil normally a simple fade in brightness and Trans. Royal Society, London 1994. diameter, while the explosive demise is 5 Fryberger D. "A Model for Ball sometimes preceded by an increase in Lightning" Ostfold College Norway brightness and a colour change. Similarly, Report No. 1997:5 Part 1 (1994) Proc. 2-1 UNG h SCIFIEN 5% a i pee pow
ae , fF i wath itr a oe ie iP me Wi GEST iT ial First International Workshop on ULAP, Hessdalen 6 "A Model of Ball Lightning as a Magnetic Knot with Linked Streamers" A F Ranada, M Soler & J L Trueba Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 103 Sep.1998 || \ UKRESTRICTED == ry
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 3
POTENTIAL REASONS FOR HIGHER DENSITIES OF UAP SIGHTINGS
Para Page
INTRODUCTION 1 3-1
POPULATION DENSITY 4 3-1
WEATHER/VISIBILITY 5 3-1
TIME OF YEAR 6 3-1
TIME OF DAY 7 3-2
LOCATION 8 3-2
AVAILABILITY AND COMPETENCY OF WITNESSES 9 3-3
HIGH INCIDENCE LOCATIONS 12 3-3
AIR CONTAMINATION 15 3-4
POTENTIAL REASONS FOR HIGHER DENSITIES OF UAP SIGHTINGS
February 1, 2000 X x x x x x x x x x x x 3.40
-1-
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETSECRET UK RESTRICTED POTENTIAL REASONS FOR HIGHER DENSITIES OF UAP SIGHTINGS INTRODUCTION 1. In the current database analysis it has been important not to misinterpret the reasons for UAP occurrences, by drawing the wrong inferences from a statistical analysis. One of the first analyses to be attempted for the case of UAP sightings across UK aerospace to look for high incidence areas - in the hope (possibly) that this may shed some light on the nature of the phenomena, lead to more focused scientific work and possible more data when sightings occur (e.g. correlation of visual sightings with coincident radar coverage). As the unknown is being investigated, preconceptions are no part of initial assumptions. 2. Taking the extreme case - that UAP are more than natural occurrences - it cannot be assumed that locations where the objects occur will necessarily be of obvious importance to humans. Further, it cannot be ruled out that these appearances may only take place at certain intervals and be entirely unrelated to the relative disposition of the gravitational fields of various bodies in space, or other fields of which we may have scant or even no knowledge at present. 3. On the initial assumption that the phenomena of UAP sighting can occur anywhere, then the presence of larger numbers of sightings in a particular part of UK will be dependent, at first sight, upon: (a) The population density (b) The weather/visibility (c) The time of year (d) The time of day (e) Location (f) Availability and competence of witnesses. POPULATION DENSITY 4. It would seem logical that if there are a greater number of potential observers, and on the assumption of an equal probability (i.e. equal distribution of UAPs in the UK air space), then higher densities of reports are to be expected in more highly populated areas. However, in areas of greater population there is also a much higher night-time reflecting target and an almost completely different light background level, making conditions for the detection of less bright phenomena much less likely to be seen (as evidenced by astronomical observatories, which have been forced to move away from lit-up areas). The contrary situation is that more sparsely populated areas have fewer potential observers, but little or no interference from ambient surface lighting. It is thus difficult to immediately connect the number of potential observers available in a geographical area against the likelihood of expectation of UAP sightings, since other factors are present. As an initial guide Table 1 shows the population distribution for the UKADR. WEATHER/VISIBILITY 5. A brief analysis to determine the relative prevalence of sightings in cyclonic and anti-cyclonic conditions has been made. There was no clear evidence of correlation with temperature, dew point, wind, etc. However, the continued prevalence of UAP reports whether Lightning (see Working Paper No 2) was present or not on the same day in the same area was of particular importance in an attempt to discover whether atmospheric conditions are key to the formation of UAP. However, adequately clear visibility for viewing low and ¹ Oceania World Index Johan van der Heijden 1996 3-1 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED medium altitude UAPs can exist in both weather patterns, although the high pressure clear conditions, rather than the murky conditions in high pressure are likely to provide the best viewing conditions. There is, nevertheless, a possibility that UAP sightings might be connected to weather patterns. TIME OF YEAR 6. It is instructive to imagine a larger number of reported sightings during dusk and darkness - simply because the greatest number of reports occur when witnesses are seen - and this is rarely the case reported in daylight. Of course, this does not necessarily mean that there are fewer UAPs present during daylight (assuming that their occurrence is indifferent to the presence or absence of light). (Since we do not know what they are we cannot assume any attributes). In addition to weather, it may be that the atmosphere has electromagnetic and ionisation correlates with sightings (see Working Papers No. 1, 2 and 10). It cannot be ruled out that these appearances may be formed particularly if the event is from an unexpected source. TIME OF DAY 7. Although a time-of-day connection with UAP reports is inevitable because of the relative darkness of day and darkening conditions for 'lights' in the sky, the actual occurrence of the total of these phenomena, within the atmosphere at any given time may not be time-dependent. One must not fall into the trap of assuming that the presence of unexplained objects in the atmosphere (or in near space) is necessarily connected to our world measurements - a cycle of sightings and the rate of occurrence is somehow connected to the routine of life. As this study only involves sightings within the UK's airspace, this investigation will not be in a position to correlate UK sightings with successive sightings (if they were reported or even if they were present) in Europe or other locations, the potential of being important. For example, if there is shown to be a cycle of sightings, we shall have no other option than to measure it in terms of time as we know it. If, for example, this (or one cycle) appears to recur at regular intervals, the problem will then be to fit this time period to a meaningful pattern, perhaps sidereal. It may, of course, be shown not to fit any known pattern (e.g. celestial, seasonal, etc). LOCATION 8. It is sometimes claimed that UAP sightings are more likely to occur in some locations than others. Apart from the volcanic connection, claimed by some observers (clearly not applicable to UKADGE), it has been noticed that the location is an important database factor in the likelihood of expectation of UAP sightings, since other factors are present. Before useful statistical work can be done on this topic the following must be considered for a rigorous analysis to be made: (a) The location of a sighting is often given crudely. A 'place name', 'near a place', 'between two places', 'out to sea off xxxx', 'on holiday near xxxx'. The address of the witness can not be the right location of the sighting. (b) Lat/Long co-ordinates and Grid References are rare (but could be generated approximately from most of the reports). (c) Port codes might be a good method (d) Plots (maps) of the following are required in electronic form: - National Grid/Local Power lines - How to map sub-station level - Airfields - Military/Experimental Establishments - Air corridors
SECRET UK RESTRICTED - Low Flying Routes for Military Aircraft - National strategic sites - Power Stations (including nuclear) - Locations of ancient monuments/ fault lines (to investigate the claim of heightened probability of UAP sightings at electromagnetic/gravity- earth's field changes claimed at these sites) AVAILABILITY AND COMPETENCY OF WITNESSES 9. Clearly only a proportion of UAP phenomena is reported. There is no way of ascertaining what proportion this may be. It can only happen where people are present, therefore there will be large areas of the UK with high UAP activity, but never seen or reported. The phenomena of the lack of radar correlation is considered at Working Paper No. 10 and at Volume 3 for specific in-service systems. 10. The decision to report activity depends on the witness. The more 'responsible' are likely to do so because the UAP sighting is a unique event in most cases: it has caused fright or concern and there is a 'need' to tell someone in authority. Because the sighting is 'airborne' the preferred reporting option is the nearest RAF Station, followed by the coastguard or the police. Timing of reports compared with sighting data, already indicates that some witnesses often wait a day before making a report. [As for all delayed reports there is always the real possibility of forgetting/loss on detail or embellishment!]. Many witnesses delay because of concern about their credibility. A comprehensive report is not usually obtained from the very basic UAP (UFO) reporting form - and the accuracy and detail obtained from a witness depend significantly on the attitude and care taken by the police or other reporting authority. Hence, there is no reliable consistency of reporting - even from the ATC/CAA sources. 11. It is wrong to separate so-called competent/reliable witnesses from others because every scrap of evidence has the potential of being important. For example several single-witness clear sightings can complement a single 'reliable' sighting since these extra sightings: - Allow multiple angle/aspects to be registered - Allow object velocities, colours, altitudes and sizes to be calculated independently - Allow geometry to be used to eliminate heavenly bodies (i.e. planet sightings) - Allow both silhouette as well as reflected-light viewing - Allow multi-aspect viewing to ascertain shape, colour and flight profile - Eliminate the retained after-image sighting of single witnesses - to eliminate overlapping times - Confirmed UAP geometries and spacings independently - Eliminate single-human events (e.g. smell, drugs, psychological etc.) - Usually eliminate the hoax option - Reinforce credibility of each others reports from a group of independent witnesses - Allow multiple photography/video to be taken HIGH INCIDENCE LOCATIONS 12. Within the UKADR it is reported by researchers that the greatest incidence of UAP events are centred on: - Lothian (Scotland) - Luce Bay (Scotland) - South Wales - Warminster (S. England) - Pennine Hills 3-3 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED 13. Elsewhere in the world at 20 prime general locations events of UAP occur more frequently. These include France, Belgium and Scandinavia - all of which have airspace adjacent to the UKADR. 14. Hence, reports of UAPs are sometimes received of UAPs entering from, or leaving nearby nations. Only NE Italy and Spain are among the NATO nations reporting the largest numbers of sightings (although these are not recorded in the UK database unless they are officially conveyed through official channels to UK MOD). AIR CONTAMINATION 15 It is postulated by some plasma and other atmospheric researchers that the presence of certain (from whatever source), such as the introduction of various industrial gases, will affect the density and ability to ionize air molecules in the atmosphere. This is considered further in the relevant Working Papers, principally Number 20. It is noted, in passing, that those nations with higher atmospheric dust-producing conditions (e.g. Volcano and Earthquake Regions), reportedly have a higher incidence of UAP reports. Further, if this theory is true, one might expect to find more incidences of UAP report in close proximity to smoke or gas-producing industries and possibly to various types that are likely to be in higher concentration. 3-4 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [World map showing continents and oceans with location markers. Labels visible include: EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, ATLANTIC OCEAN, PACIFIC OCEAN, INDIAN OCEAN, BRAZIL, and various UAP incidence location markers across multiple continents.] FIGURE 1: HIGH INCIDENCE UAP LOCATIONS (J. RANDLES) 3-5 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
area in population
km² census
1991
Avon Bristol 1,346 920,000
Bedfordshire Bedford 1,235 514,000
Berkshire Reading 749 777,000
Buckinghamshire Aylesbury 1,883 628,000
Cambridgeshire Cambridge 3,409 645,000
Cheshire Chester 2,329 956,000
Cleveland Middlesbrough 583 541,000
Cornwall Truro 3,564 469,000
Cumbria Carlisle 6,809 487,000
Derbyshire Matlock 2,631 915,000
Devon Exeter 6,715 [ILLEGIBLE]
Dorset Dorchester 2,654 645,000
Durham Durham 2,436 593,000
East Sussex Lewes 1,795 691,000
Gloucestershire Chelmsford 3,672 1,445,000
Greater London London 1,579 6,378,000
Greater Manchester Manchester 1,287 2,418,000
Hampshire Winchester 3,777 152,000
Hereford & Worcester Worcester 3,927 668,000
Hertfordshire Hartford 1,634 952,000
Isle of Wight Newport 381 177,000
Kent Maidstone 3,731 [ILLEGIBLE]
Lancashire Preston 3,064 1,365,000
Leicestershire Leicester 2,533 861,000
Lincolnshire Lincoln 5,915 584,000
Merseyside Liverpool [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE]
Northamptonshire Northampton 2,367 573,000
TABLE 1(A): POPULATION DISTRIBUTION UKADR
'Cont'd...UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED Southend on Sea 153,700 Peterborough 148,800 Blackpool 144,500 Colchester 141,100 Brighton 133,600 Blackburn 132,800 Poole 130,900 Newport 129,900 Preston 126,700 Reading 122,600 Torbay (Torquay) 119,500 Saint Albans 122,400 Ipswich 117,100 Oxford 109,000 Exeter 101,800 York 100,600 North Yorkshire Northallerton 8,309 699,000 Nottinghamshire Nottingham 2,164 981,000 Oxfordshire Oxford 2,608 554,000 Shropshire Shrewsbury 3,490 405,000 Somerset Taunton 3,451 459,000 South Yorkshire Barnsley 1,560 1,249,000 Staffordshire Stafford 2,716 1,028,000 Suffolk Ipswich 3,797 630,000 Surrey Kingston 1,679 998,000 Tyne and Wear Newcastle 540 1,087,000 Warwickshire Warwick 1,981 477,000 West Midlands Birmingham 2,992 2,499,000 West Sussex Chichester 1,989 693,000 West Yorkshire Wakefield 2,039 2,013,000 Wiltshire Trowbridge 3,480 555,000 Total England London 130,498 46,168,000 Cont'd...
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED cities population 1991 London 6,803,100 Birmingham 934,900 Glasgow 654,542 Sheffield 500,500 Bradford 449,100 Liverpool 448,300 Manchester 432,600 Edinburgh 421,200 Bristol 369,200 Dudley 300,400 Coventry 292,600 Sunderland 286,800 Sandwell 284,800 Belfast 279,237 Leicester 272,000 Newcastle 261,000 Walsall 255,000 Bolton 253,000 Kingston upon Hull 252,200 Rotherham 247,000 Stoke on Trent 244,800 Wolverhampton 239,800 Plymouth 238,800 Aberdeen 201,099 Southampton 194,400 Swansea 182,100 Northampton 178,200 Saint Helena 175,300 Portsmouth 174,700 Luton 167,300 Dundee 165,548 Bournemouth 154,000 3-4 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
Cont'd....
[area] [population]
Borders Newtown St Boswells 4,698 103,000
Central Stirling 2,700 268,000
Dumfries and Galloway Dumfries 6,425 147,000
Fife Glenrothes 1,319 338,000
Grampian Aberdeen 8,752 493,000
Highland Inverness 26,137 200,000
Lothian Edinburgh 1,770 724,000
Strathclyde Glasgow 13,773 2,218,000
Tayside Dundee 7,643 385,000
Island Areas - 5,566 71,000
Total Scotland Edinburgh 78,783 4,957,000
3-?
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTEDSECRET
UK RESTRICTED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 4
AFTER-IMAGES AS A RESULT OF FLASHES OF LIGHT
Para Page
BACKGROUND 1 4-1
Primary Sensation 3 4-1
Results of Experiments 4 4-1
Flash Duration Dependency 6 4-2
Observer Variability 8 4-2
SUMMARY 9 4-2
RELEVANCE TO UAP SIGHTINGS 10 4-2
February 1, 2000 -1- X x x x x x x x x x x 5.40
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETSECRET UK RESTRICTED AFTER-IMAGES AS A RESULT OF FLASHES OF LIGHT BACKGROUND 1. Illusions observed in darkness or low light conditions, after exposure of one or more eyes to a bright light are known as 'positive after-images' and are often similar in colour to the inducing light. Those illusions seen in moderate illumination are called 'negative after images' and are often of the approximation to complementary colours. In practice the actual appearance of after-images is complex and likely to depend on many factors including adaptation from dark to light takes much less time than from light to dark - hence there is an awareness of the appearance of a light in dark conditions much more quickly than the appearance of a shadow in lighter conditions. Excessive eye stimulation, as is well known, produces blindness in the limit. 2. Within the eye the sequence of changes which occur in response after light is absorbed differs between rods and cones: cones suffer further adaptation by the nerve cells of the retina (adaptation of the retina). However, the result is the persistence of the sensation of light after the stimulus has been removed. 3. Primary Sensation Human eye response is a peak at 0.55μm, and a detectability from 10⁻⁶ cd.m⁻² to 5000 cd.m⁻². There is a range of conditions over which the primary sensation produced by a flash of light depends on its luminousness product (i.e. in general, the integration of luminance with respect to time). This is independent of temporal distribution of the flash, and can be demonstrated by regularly repeated flashes as long as 150 years ago and confirmed this century using extremely short (1 sec) durations now possible. The practice holds for flash values down to ~ the total amount of light rather than for longer durations. For longer duration flashes the measurements are less researched. Hence, the integration of flashes is less reliable as a guide at an illumination intensity of 0.5cd.m⁻² at which pulse durations of 27 millisec may have been exceeded (3° fovea fov.). The time duration may be greater than 27 millisec for longer flashes and shorter in period for those which are brighter. 4. Results of Experiments Preliminary experiments [1] to investigate after-image conditions for eye stimuli of different lengths produced the following results: - Stimuli ~2 sec maximum. The whole course of the (positive or negative) after image, during its first 15 sec, was dependent on total light in the stimulus and not on the light's intensity distribution alone. - Stimuli 2-5 sec. The result only differed slightly from the 2 sec stimulus length - calculated with some time distribution differences. In particular, there were some differences between positive (dark background) and negative (bright background) after-images. - In the after-image observation time t=10 to t=30 it is believed that the retinal illumination always decreases monotonically (from white light stimuli), but the after-images produced by other colours may decay at other rates. The actual detection threshold is inversely proportional to flash duration. 5. The human eye can nevertheless distinguish between extremely short spaces between flashes (pulses of light). Experiments have shown that 4 millisec intervals can be distinguished from intervals as little as 0.28 millisec. In the context of UAP observations, pulsed (i.e. modulated) lights should be distinguishable by observers, even from a high modulation (i.e. fast) rate. High modulation rates - and very short duration of individual pulses - should not get mis-reported as steady lights. This is [1] "Discrimination of After-Images" G.S. Brindley, J. Physiology 147 (1959) 4-1 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED CONDIGN important, for example, in the context of lights which are 'chopped' by helicopter blades (~50Hz for a main rotor four-bladed Helio). 6. Flash Duration Dependency An important finding of the available data is that the same amount of light (except for the first 15 sec), irrespective of whether it is delivered within 1.68 sec. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the after-image of a brief stimulus from the 15th second until its disappearance at t=100 to 300 seconds later, depends upon photochemical effects. It does not depend upon adaptation or neural mechanisms in the retina or brain (as a result of the activity it is presumed the brain undertakes immediately after an eye stimulus). 7. It is probable, from the evidence available, that after the first 15 seconds, residual effects contribute to the perception of the image seen. Up to five seconds after a stimulus (flash) it is nevertheless believed that neural as well as retinal (there must be no interaction between the dust particles). - The persistence depends on the chemical consequences in the eye's receptors, not at (5-10 sec only) on the adaptation of the image by the nerve/brain response. - For very short flashes (e.g. less than 4 millions) high intensities have most effect than lower intensity stimuli when viewed against either bright or dim backgrounds. - Colours observed following a flash of a particular colour are dependent on the viewing background thereafter. RELEVANCE TO UAP SIGHTINGS 10. A large number of UAP reports are of very intense lights of diverse colours, many of which are only reported as being of very short duration. Some of these could be the after images of even briefer flashes. Longer duration reports apparently (see para. 6) of up to 15 seconds or more could be attributed to flash stimuli, followed by an after-image. It would appear that sightings are unlikely to be caused by after-images for longer than five minutes. After 10-15 seconds the human observer will be interpreting and adapting what is seen well beyond what is actually registered chemically, due to the flash, within the retina. 11. There is, of course, the possibility of the after-image being 'replicated' by successive intense flashes. However, many flashes are from single (i.e. single) events, e.g. lightning, electrical (i.e. non-continuous) electrical flash-over from (national grid) power lines or overhead train power lines. 12. It seems unlikely that, on the occasion of multiple witnesses of UAPs, that they all receive the same phenomena (after-image); since apart from human observer variability (as mentioned for 8 below), it is unlikely that the plasmas containing these particles comprises two ionic components (one single charged atomic ion and the other positive or negative, multiple charged dust particle). Due to the tendency of the plasma to charge neutrally, a kind of charged cloud forms [1] Ludlam C "Radar Scattering from Dusty Plasmas" Physica Scripta 45. Univ. Of Tromso, Norway 1991. 4-2 CONDIGN UK RESTRICTED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
CONDIGN
[2] "Further Studies of the Positive Visual
After-Image" C.A. Padgham Op: Acts.
Vol. 4 1959.
4-3
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETSECRET
UK RESTRICTED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 5
DETECTION OF UAPs BY RADAR
Para Page
DETECTION OF UAPs BY RADAR 1 5-1
Possible Explanations 3 5-1
Current Detection Minima 4 5-2
RADAR REFLECTIONS FROM PLASMA 5 5-2
BALL LIGHTNING AS A RADAR REFLECTOR 10 5-3
Radar Echoing Area 12 5-3
DUSTY PLASMAS AS RADAR REFLECTORS 13 5-3
DETECTION BY UK-BASED RADARS 19 5-4
RADAR SIGHTING REPORTS 21 5-4
February 1, 2000 + x x x x x x x x x x x 5.40
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETSECRET UK RESTRICTED DETECTION OF UAPs BY RADAR 1. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 Conventional theory and radar systems operation suggests that (given a clear radar sightline), the following conditions should occur for radar (UAP) detection to take place: (a) The target must be radar-reflective. (See Appendix A5) (b) A minimum detectable signal must return to the radar receiver to satisfy the radar receiver - S/N requirements (i.e. minimum detectable signal). (c) The signal must be displayed (i.e. in a modern system which uses preset thresholds the display/processing threshold must be adequate for the target being inspected). For a target track to be formed (a), (b) and (c) must be repeated at the radar's inspection (i.e. update) rate. In modern systems supposed 'spurious' radar responses are likely to be rejected/filtered and unless they fulfill 'plot' requirements, will never be declared from successive plots into 'tracks'. Hence, they will not be seen as targets. 2. There is a significant absence of radar plots/tracks on UAPs. It should be borne in mind that, statistically, it is incontestable that all UAPs in the UKADR are reported by direct (human) sighting(s). In fact, there must be many more UAPs unreported, especially within radar coverage but not within human sightlines (e.g. due to cloud cover, reduction of observers in sparsely populated parts of the UK etc.). Why, therefore, are there not at least even a reasonable proportion of these reported by military or civil radars; either at sea, over land or by aircraft radars? 3. Possible Explanations The number of explanations are possible. The conditions at para 1 above are not being met for one or more reasons: a. For some reason the radar reflectivities of these unidentified objects are extremely low. b. Because they do not 'communicate' or appear where aircraft are expected, they are ignored by the operators (or the automatic processing systems) as spurious/short-lived observations. c. These were are taken to be caused by flocks of birds. d. When moving fast they exceed the upper Doppler/Velocity capability of the system. This may be, firstly, beyond the Doppler measurement capability of the particular type of x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 e. The target cannot be seen because there is no radar sightline (e.g. terrain or low/high altitude). This can only be the case on a limited number of occasions, subject to range. f. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 g. The object absorbs RF energy at least at the usual wavelengths in use and hence is not detected. h. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 i. The objects are above the upper radar coverage capability (~100,000ft) 4. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 5-1 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
N_c = 1.24 × 10¹⁸ f_p² (cm⁻³)
f_p is in GHz. For example; a value of ≥1.2 × 10¹¹ cm⁻³ will reflect X(I) Band and all frequencies below. Using these relationships the direct RF to density expression can be derived:
f_p = [N_c.e²/πm]^½ or f_p² = N_c.e²/mπ²
where m = mass 9.11 × 10⁻²⁸g
e = electron charge 4.8 × 10⁻¹⁰
e.s.u. (1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ amps or
1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ coulombs)
This can be rearranged such that:
f_p = 8980√N_c/H_s
6. A plasma thickness may vary, hence:
- The location of the critical density 'mirror' is not necessarily at the outer extremity of the plasma.
- Some absorption of the incident energy can occur in the lower density region which the energy encounters before it penetrates to the depth of the critically dense region. This depends on the ambient air pressure.
- Incident radar energy may arrive at the plasma at various angles (θ), hence:
N_c = 1.24 × 10¹⁸(f_p²/cos²θ)
- The refractive index of a plasma is always less than 1, given by:
μ = √(1 - ω_p²/ω²)
where ω is the radian frequency of the EM wave
RADAR REFLECTIONS FROM
PLASMA
5. A plasma is an assembly of small particles of three kinds, +ve, -ve and neutral, moving at random and colliding with each other. In all except very high current discharges there are many more neutral particles than charged particles. Electron oscillates about a mean position with angular frequency ω_p = 2πf_p, where ω_p² = 4πN_e²/m. The oscillations are linear and stationary and do not progress as waves. A plasma will reflect radar energy at all microwave frequencies below the "plasma frequency." A critical-density surface can be formed according to the density relationship:
5-2
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTEDSECRET UK RESTRICTED and ω_p is the plasma frequency which is related to N_e by: ω_p = 2πf_p 7. Thus radar energy entering a medium of lower refractive index is similar to that applied (on the same principle) to total internal reflection in optics. 8. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 9. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 10. It should also be noted that the greatest visual luminosity occurs when the frequency of the oscillation of ions and electrons is equal to the applied frequency: 4πf²/m_e = 1 BALL LIGHTNING AS A RADAR REFLECTOR 11. As stated at Working Paper No. 2, ball and bead lightning (which do not always appear as spheres), may have diameters as small as a few cms and as large as 12-15 metres. For the ball lightning sphere of 10cm its gaseous density is known (1.29 × 10³ gm cm⁻³), but its plasma density is not known, unless this can be deduced via its colour/temperature characteristic. 12. Radar Echoing Areas The radar echoing area of ball lightning as a function of physical size. A transition between a strongly reflecting target and an almost completely absorbing target occurs. The possible RCS values for plasma spheres are different from that of metallic spheres (who's RCS is a function of size in relation to the radar wavelength), with the radar echoing area of plasma spheres dependent also on ionisation level. An 'overdense' plasma sphere (or other shape) may be treated as a perfect reflector (retro-reflector for long ranges). This gives, upon interference effects between the backscattered wave and tightly bound surface waves. This gives plasma the properties of a dielectric, even when it is overdense. For example, a collision-less homogeneous plasma sphere with low electron density may have a RCS value of -60dB, peaking between 1 to 3m² as the density increases, but falling to 1m² as the density increases yet further. These values are for D/(E)(L) Band assessments. DUSTY PLASMAS AS RADAR REFLECTORS 13 It is argued that 'dust' particles, possibly of ice, form soot(aceous?) plasmas. (These are of the type, see Working Paper No. 13, which are sometimes reported as UAPs). The most recent understanding of dusty plasmas is at Working Paper No 19 "Charged Dust Aerosols". It can be postulated that the plasmas containing these particles comprises two ionic components (one single charged atomic ion and the other positive or negative, multiple charged dust particle). Due to the tendency of the plasma to charge neutrally, a kind of charged cloud forms 5-3 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED around each charged particle in such a way as to compensate its charge. 14. In a two-component plasma with equal electron and ion temperatures it can be shown that the charge of the dynamic cloud of a single charged ion is composed of 50% accuracy electrons and 50% of repelled ions. The roles of electrons and ions are reversed for the case of a negative ion. Hence, the number of electrons in the surrounding cloud may be small or large, depending on the densities and temperatures of the plasma components. Under these conditions an (EM) wave illuminating the plasma will set in motion the electrons in the cloud and if the scale of the dynamic cloud (Debye length) is much smaller than the wavelength of the illuminating wave, either coherent or collective scattering (from the electron component of the cloud) will occur. 15. It is beyond the scope of this brief paper to pursue the detail of the scattering, other than to note that for radar-wave scattering to be enhanced there must be no interaction between the dust particles. 16. The intensity of the scattering, as a function of the incident radiation λ_o, equals 2πk_s, where k_s is the wave vector number. There are two regimes with little intensity for long wavelengths (2k_sλ²≤1) and a regime at shorter wavelengths (2k_sλ²≥1). The radar scattering is caused by fluctuations of electron density. The scattered power per unit volume of illuminated plasma within a small interval of solid angle, within a frequency interval dω and at wave vector k can be calculated from the Thomson electron cross section. σ_T = e⁴.97.95×10⁻²⁶m² where e is the electron radius, E_o is the incident (E field) amplitude and q(Ω) is a polarisation factor defined as: q(Ω) = |ŝ × (ŝ × E_o/|E_o|)|² For backscatter q(Ω) equates to 1. The full derivation is at.²¹ 17. Anomalous radar scatter has been received at RFs of 50, 274 and 935MHz, using experimental radars. The plasma is not fully ionised. 18. Strong backscatter from this cause occurs principally at high latitudes, in the summer and at considerable altitude (~80km). DETECTION BY UK-BASED RADARS 19. Backscatter from 'dusty' plasma at an altitude of, say, 50km can theoretically be obtained at a slant range of ~190km from a radar with a maximum elevation angle of ~25°. These radars with a height-finding capability would soon reject the returns because the range/angle/altitude combination would place the target at an unacceptable altitude for manned aircraft. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S.26 20. The detection of phenomena other than mesosphere plasmas is also considered at Volume 2 and is SECRET as it involves the current detection performance of military operational systems. RADAR SIGHTING REPORTS 21. In an attempt to correlate simultaneous or sequential radar sightings with radar types, only limited UK information is available. In December 1989 5 NATO radars, part of ACCS, were within coverage range of a UAP report. Three radars had detections but two did not. Unfortunately, the radars have since been replaced and records of their parameters, ²¹ Ladlam C "Radar Scattering from Dusty Plasmas" Physica Scripta 45. Univ. of Tromso, Norway 1991. 5-4 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED in use at the time, are no longer available. In the 1960s, Personal Air Traffic radar had unexplained detections and, over various years, the P-35 Air Interception radar had unexpectedly made UAP detections. In all these cases the effective electrical noise of the radar in question was the cause of the effective radar sightline and in all cases these were subsequently UAP detections. RAF Neatishead, RAF Washington Airfield Approach Radar and the CAA radar at Clee Hill have had in-service UAP radar detections. In all these cases the effective electrical noise of the target must have been enough for the RF in use to produce reflections. 22. Clearly, the ability to respond to radar is variable, and all the radars would not detect all the objects: either at sea, over land or by aircraft radars. A radar which cannot get a return from UAP would nevertheless see all standard aircraft. 23. In the absence of firm radar-to-radar correlation the number of occasions when velocity would be deduced from actual measurements (compared, for example with purely 'eyeball' estimates of equally separated fixes) are few. On only a small percentage of UAP sightings (around 100 to 1000) are there reports from some members of the public are fine. On one radar occasion (visually confirmed from two places), 'out to sea off xxxx', 'on holiday near xxxx' etc are electronically spaced two second fixes. Plots at ranges from 100 to 999Hz in two seconds are possible from our best understanding of the EM environment. Longer modulation (i.e. fast) rates of occurrence are observed in some form. On one source occasion (visually confirmed from at least two places) and in very short durations - and very short duration of individual pulses - should not get mis-reported as steady lights. This is, of course, the possibility that the formation of UAP depends on a plasma. 23. In the absence of firm radio cross-correlation the number of occasions when velocity would be detected from 'dusty' plasma at an altitude of, say, 50km can theoretically be obtained at a slant range of ~190km from a radar with a maximum elevation angle of ~25°. Those radars with a height-finding capability would soon reject the returns because the range/angle/altitude combination would place the target at an unacceptable altitude for manned aircraft. Adequately clear visibility for viewing low and medium altitude UAPs can exist in both weather patterns. At t=10 seconds the after-images are the same. 5-5 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/6/99 APPENDIX A5 DETECTABILITY OF PLASMA TARGETS 1. If it is assumed that, in the first instance the target is a spherical plasma body, the following conditions could exist: - The sphere could be large in dimension compared with the radar wavelength - The radar echoing area of the simple sphere is a function of its ratio of circumference to the illuminating wavelength [2πa/λ (where a is the sphere radius)] - For large values of 2πa/λ, the RCS approaches the optical RCS (πa8) - The sphere, if homogeneous and perfect would be aspect insensitive. (U) 2. In theory it is seen, therefore, that if a UAP was a stable plasma sphere of adequate electron density, a metre in diameter and comprised of entirely reflecting gaseous material, then its maximum radar echoing area for all practical purposes, when illuminated by a EF Band(0.1ns) radar, could be about ~16 square metres. For D/E/(L) Band radars the value computes to ~five square metres. However, there may be several other factors of importance for a plasma UAP which could significantly affect its detectability, and in practice ( as mentioned at page 5-3, paragraph 12), the real values ( L Band) are estimated as falling somewhere between -60dB (0.000001m8) and +8m8. Any surface absorption of the radar signal, which, in theory, should have little effect when the wavelength is large compared to the target dimensions, is not necessarily the case here, as it is by no means certain that the UAP plasma (whether it's outer shell, or surface) can be considered a resonant body. Or, indeed, that it's surface remains a consistent and constant reflector, especially as many UAP reports indicate that the body is constantly changing colour and often varying slightly in shape. The response of the body as a reflector when compared against the characteristics of the radar is clearly a key factor. (R) 3. Target Characteristics Target RCS fluctuation plays a significant role in the detection performance of all radars. In general, radars, (apart from Weapon Control/Tracking Radars, which may dwell for relatively long periods on their chosen target) impact their targets at repeated and sometimes regular intervals the form of dwells or scans, and by illuminating them with bursts of pulses. If a UAP is considered that a plasma UAP has a variable electron density (possibly interspersed with periods of greater plasma stability), then for much of the time the radar reflectivity may vary rapidly, possibly uniquely from pulse-to-pulse (Swerling Case 2), rather than from scan-to-scan (Swerling Case 1). Further, the fluctuations may vary continuously from scan-to-scan (Case 3); or finally, so rapidly as to vary from pulse-to-pulse (case 4). (U) A-1 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED object might have. The steady (non-fluctuating case), sometimes called Case 5, is extremely rare in normal radar practice, due to the inherent nature of flying targets.(R) 5. Practical Effects The detection capability of a radar depends on the signal (wanted) to noise (unwanted) ratio. The practical effect of RCS fluctuations, applicable to the UAP scenario, is most simply illustrated by one example. For a typical radar with a requirement of probability of detection (0.95), against a steady target, a signal-to-noise ratio of 4 (+6dB) is required. If the target is fluctuating according to Case 1 above, a ratio of ~48 (16.8dB) would be necessary. In radar range terms this turns out to be a range performance reduction by a factor of 3.24. This effect can be mitigated somewhat by illuminating the target with a larger number of pulses and averaging them out. However, there is a limit to the number of pulses emitted, and which engage on a target from an early-warning-type radar during its typical continuous-scan mode of operation. For targets which exhibit Case 3 and Case 4 fluctuations the situation is even worse - and it is believed that this is the case for UAP plasma - for additional reasons. Firstly, these cases require even more signal than Case 1 to overcome fluctuations from diverse sources but the frequency of reports correlated with other measurable events, such as weather, meteors, etc. A-2 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRET
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 6
EXOTIC TECHNOLOGIES
Para Page
INTRODUCTION 1 6-1
Exotic Solutions 2 6-1
UAPs AS PROPELLED VEHICLES 4 6-1
ANTI-MATTER (ANTI-PROTON) PROPULSION 8 6-2
Material Storage 9 6-2
NATIONAL CAPABILITY
USA 10 6-2
UK 11 6-2
Former Soviet Union 12 6-2
France & Italy 13 6-2
Rest of The World 14 6-2
ELECTRIC PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES 15 6-2
Arcjets 16 6-3
Stationary Plasma Thrust (SPT) 17 6-3
Ion Thrusters (ISF) 18 6-3
Field Emission Propulsion (FEP) 19 6-3
PROJECTED ENERGY 23 6-3
TORSION, GRAVITY AND LASER FIELDS 6-4
Torsion Fields: Definition and Properties 24 6-4
Laser Propulsion 27 6-4
MICROWAVE PROPULSION 28 6-4
Summary 31 6-5
OVERALL SUMMARY 32 6-6
February 2000 xxxxxxxxxx S.40
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET EXOTIC TECHNOLOGIES INTRODUCTION 1. UAP reports usually describe objects seen at a distance (and these reports can only provide, at best, approximate angular speed and size (and often a very vague diameter). For this reason, the absence of mass or linear velocities the information is almost useless when trying to apply the laws of physics controlling the ability of a 'craft' to land (or hover) and take off again. The thrust of any object must be slightly less than the body mass on landing and twice its weight for an acceleration on lift-off of 1g. If an object of say 5 or 20 metres diameter were to lift off, some (conventionally understood) effect must be expected on the surface. No such after-effects are reported in the thousands of UAP reports held in MOD. 2. Exotic Solutions Exotic solutions may not be feasible initially, but they often lead to the necessity for some form of force beyond human understanding and contrary to the laws of physics as we understand them. This leads to such ideas as: - Gravity Cancellation - Teleportation - Propulsion without reaction - Force Fields 3. Intergalactic travel requires ~four million years for a return trip (travelling at just less than the speed of light), or three years, even to a nearby planet at a velocity of 20Km sec⁻¹ - a planet on which we can determine no sign of life in the form which would indicate 'beings' and their technology. UAPs AS PROPELLED VEHICLES 4. The majority of UAP sightings can be attributed as relatively easily explainable natural or human phenomena - explainable, for 6-1 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED technology is expanding, principally in the USA. The projected (USAF) priority plan is to produce optionally piloted air-breathing aircraft with a Mach 8-12 capability and transatmospheric vehicles which can operate between the various air-breathing and sub-orbital flight regimes, as well as highly supersonic vehicles at Mach 4 to 6. 7. It is assumed that the fuel options are intrinsic (fuel carried internally), partially extrinsic (some part of the fuel is obtained externally e.g. from the atmosphere) or the propulsion energy is entirely extrinsic (e.g. from some sort of external field). The foregoing examples are understood as representing, respectively, chemical or electric or nuclear (e.g. rocket), air-breathing (e.g. jet engine), or a system which uses a some kind of external field(s), of which the only vehicular example is terrestrial (e.g. levitated train). 9. Material Storage Cooling is among the most serious problems to be solved. Portable storage for containing the 'anti-matter' in the form of rings and ion traps, would be necessary. The particles are typically confined within a plasma volume (e.g. 200cms long) at low pressure, with a vacuum (~10⁻⁷Torr and a magnetic field of 10T). This could all fit into a large truck, including all support equipment for storage times of ~30 to >100 days of storage time. The dimensions given might store ~10¹⁶ antiprotons (~0.8Kg) and is considered to be a factor of 100 down on the limit. According to authoritative sources a few micrograms of antiprotons can be produced annually by a nation with the resources to do so. NATIONAL CAPABILITY 10. USA In 1987 it was stated that the US could construct an intense source of low-energy anti-protons in three to four years and thereafter deliver (store) 10¹⁰ low energy protons annually. It was hoped that a five to seven year programme might be started (or already had been). This information, which was 1987 closed seminar, was given public-release in 1994. One of the prime applications foreseen is for air-vehicle propulsion. The cost of a R&D programme would be ~$400M, over a 20 year period. In addition to propulsion, non-propulsion applications of anti-matter have been proposed in medical (biomedical imaging), therapy and biomedical detectors. 11. UK That anti-matter is a key topic of interest is confirmed by a series of papers, and, in particular, reports of NATO activities in which UK participate. A recent review paper (P T Greenland, Imperial College London) describes the UK's search for a cause of gravity and the relationship between gravitational mass and inertial mass. Anti-hydrogen has been produced successfully, but the technology to create and control of the anti-hydrogen is not yet achieved to enable instrumentation and measurement to 6-2 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED be obtained, for example for a comparison with conventional hydrogen. The approach is to trap protons and positrons, separately, anti-protons and positrons both at liquid helium temperatures (than anti-hydrogen is then obtained by the combination). The work so far has used the highest energies achievable by the Low Energy Anti-proton Ring (LEAR). No anti-hydrogen has yet been trapped at low temperature. There are no indications of any current experiments into early developments of future potential applications of anti-matter for propulsion purposes. 12. Former Soviet Union Scientific papers from the USSR reflect an interesting approach to matter storage devices, for example, positron storage rings. These, including the 'IREN' project, are at the design experimental and very early development stages. In particular, important work is proceeding on the use of Gamma-Ray Lasing in the matter and anti-matter research fields. 13. France & Italy French aspirations seem to be significantly aimed at whether some stars (and even some entire galaxies) may exist which are made up of anti-matter. The possibility of this scenario will, in theory, be proved if a anti-matter (single anti-helium) nucleus in cosmic ray flux) are detected in cosmic rays. Results are awaited from a the current Shuttle project. Further research is being funded by NATO and the EU. In 1999, two scientists at the Italian National Nuclear Physics Institute reviewed anti-matter as an area of future research and proposed future experimental projects. They proposed that the possible existence of anti-matter was first postulated in 1928, and that recent eco-atmospheric evidence events were delayed following the Shuttle disaster. As a result four balloon-borne experiments had occurred and the planned space (Italy-Russia) will also examine anti-matter components of cosmic rays. This possible existence of an organized anti-matter, with a symmetric universe and matter and anti-matter separated into galaxies remains a fundamental question. 14. ROW Nations There is no evidence that any ROW nation has scientific or engineering capability leading to real developments in the field of anti-matter. ELECTRIC PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES 15. Chemical propulsion requires large propellant mass compared with electrical methods. Once (assuming that) a UAP of undetermined origin could somehow enter and leave earth's atmosphere, (with the capability of some unknown propulsion method) the remaining journey (from wherever it came from and return) could present phenomena which the 'electric' propulsion methods for which the technologies are currently understood provide the propulsion at low thrust levels (mN), as shown at Table 1. 16. Arcjets produce an arc typically in the exhaust nozzle of a chemical thruster. For electric propulsion (EP) although their thrust is higher than other EP methods, there is the mass penalty of the chemical propellant required. 17. Stationary Plasma Thrust (SPT) produces ionised sensors, which draws in from, and from a carbon cathode into the plasma propellant passes through electric and magnetic fields in a discharge chamber. 18. Ion thrusters (IPS) also use ionised sensor propellant. 19. Field Emission Propulsion (FEP) is fifteen times more efficient in its use of specific impulse (Isp) but at low thrust levels. 20. None of the methods at Table 1 were conceived as primary methods of spacecraft propulsion. 21. On board power requirements (for a 1RoN UK IPS design with an Isp of 3466) is ~600W, worst case. The thruster exhaust velocity is ~40 km s⁻¹ for small station keeping. 40Kg of propellant held in a titanium storage tank (mass ~10Kg), would provide a planned life of ten years. Even a small thrust, 6-3 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET coupled with orbital dynamics could be used to escape from earth orbit. 22. Despite the foregoing possibilities there is no evidence that an extra-terrestrial vehicle (comprising solid matter as we know it and using any of these techniques) has visited earth and left again. Any visitation must be followed by a departure, otherwise artifacts would remain (hence the corresponding reports of 'sonic booms' nearby). Normally, sound is either generated and then emitted by a stationary body due to some internal mechanical or electrical vibrating, oscillating or rotating device (from the selection of its inner materials). The frequency observed will depend on the characteristic of the body. The lack of sound in UAP reports attributed to extra-terrestrial vehicles is likely to be attributable to: PROJECTED ENERGY 22. Much has been postulated in the scientific press on the possibility of transferring energy to an air vehicle (which would then convert it to thrust), either continuously or in pulses. Technology has reached the stage where it is possible (with proof of principle tests) to transmit RF or laser energy to a moving platform, where it is collected for on-board use. This is dependent on providing and maintaining a suitable tracking system. A Foreign Research Lab Laser system, tested in 1997 allows a small rocket accelerated a parabolic mirror to collect pulsed laser energy from the ground which is concentrated onto inlet air, which in turn becomes a plasma. xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx S.27 xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx There are no indications from any UAP event that clustered phenomena can be interpreted include fine details of the design of such a craft other than to list the key features which might have a bearing on the potential UAP TORSION, GRAVITY AND LASER FIELDS 24. Torsion Fields: Definition and Properties Torsion fields and associated phenomena are governed by the possibility of describing them by use of a scalar and spin. A torsion field is governed by 6-4 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET Projections and modelling claim a Mach 5 capability, to 100,000ft altitude. The laser provides thermal energy (collected from the beam) and used to produce air-breathing thrust. At altitude, conventional rocket fuels would be used to boost to escape velocity. MICROWAVE PROPULSION 28. Low frequency microwave beams are not suitable for on-board energy collection. The problems are those of diffraction, and the requirement for large antennas on board the vehicle. Also, the low breakdown threshold of the atmosphere limits the received power density. The selection of high frequencies is limited by the EM atmosphere windows (e.g. 34, 94, 140 or 220GHz). No atmospheric attenuation also increases with increased RFs. It is assessed¹ that a 15m diameter craft could provide a launch station with a 5GHz antenna. With the overall diameter assessed at 10MHz antenna, a larger 350m diameter array would be required to ensure adequate energy (10MW on a one metre diameter receive antenna), to ensure the vehicle at the extremity of the atmosphere because of the extremity of the atmosphere because of the 220GHz atmospheric window). Conceptually, a space-based, (LEO) passive relay station could be used to relay the EM energy from a terrestrial station onto the vehicle in space, where the energy would be converted this time for use as an in-space thruster. 29. It is beyond the scope of this report to include fine details of the design of such a craft other than to list the key features which might have a bearing on the potential UAP connections in answering the enigmatic question - 'Can a craft capable of extra terrestrial travel with the reported characteristics be conceived within the limits of current science?' The key features which follow with UAP-related comments in square brackets (a) Size The microwave craft proposed reported UAP attributes, and falls within some reported UAP diameters. (b) Mass A launch mass of 1400Kg is proposed (surface area loading 7.9Kg/m²). This is an aerodynamic (e.g. wing) loading area typical of ultralight aircraft. This leads to the conclusion that a production version by means must be used to lighten the mass even to the point of carrying no propellant and some aerodynamic design can reduce shock wave effects, though not eliminate them. (c) Materials Thin film materials with adequate tensile and compressive strength would be crucial; something far a figment of the imagination engendered and embellished with the rest of the alleged phenomena. In particular, it is easy to imagine a charged mass to have a done and perhaps it is to attribute volume when it 'takes off' Sound reports, as with other attributes, suffer from not having a first-hand debrief immediately after the event and before reports become forgotten or the information of interest is lost ¹ 'Hyper Energetic Manned Aerospacecarcraft Propelled by Intense Pulsed Microwave Beam': L K Myrabo, SPIE Vol 2557 1995 ² 'Propulsion of Small Launch Vehicles using Millimetric Waves': SPIE Vol 2154 1994 6-5 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED air breathing engine'. The PDE uses microwave-supported detonations to heat the air working fluid and it based on what, in principle, is the air-breathing ramjet. A conventional cyclic engine (i.e. air-breathing and rocket) might be envisaged for a transatmospheric role. Clearly this would only operate in the atmosphere and at velocities of Mach 5-6 are claimed to be possible without an air spike. [Hence, to return to the possible 'UAP' similarities this type of craft could not be extra-terrestrial unless it used another type of propulsion outside the atmosphere]. Another end-atmospheric option is the Magneto-Hydro Dynamic Fanjet (MHDF), where powerful Lorentz forces which are exerted on an external air working fluid. In effect the active microwave-powered plasma antenna normally displaces this passive 'field core' - which is the air channel used for momentum exchange. UAP events reported are, in fact, not necessarily 'saucer shaped'! SUMMARY-PROPULSION OPTIONS 31. Propulsion mode is the key factor in considering whether it would: (a) Be possible to construct a vehicle with reported UAP attributes and potentially (until proved otherwise) with an extra-terrestrial capability, using currently-known 'Earth' technology. (b) Be possible to conceive such a craft which can move with zero or near-zero sound and change the direction of movement almost instantly. CONCLUSIONS 32. In attempting to explore the potential technologies which would be essential in order to construct a craft with the exceptional characteristics attributed to UAP it is important to note that: - No reliable report exists of a landing and take-off of an object known to contain 'beings' - No reliable reports of occupants can be seen anywhere on earth and not even small artefacts have been left on earth to confirm the existence of a 'spacecraft' in the form of metals or other materials that have apparently ever crashed, despite sighting reports for thousands of years. - There is no evidence of attempts at communication between the alleged occupants of the 'craft' and humans - or messages/items left behind as a form of language to attract attention. There is no evidence that any nation has a current capability to produce and trap anti-matter for propulsion purposes. 33. Hence, there are no new technologies or methods which could be exploited beyond those already known or being researched. There have been no 6-6 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET opportunities for accurate size or shape measurements, no examinations of unknown or special materials or of any types of devices which could aid in the determination of what the phenomena comprise or be used in order to replicate the UAP in an air-vehicle as a result of the presence of UAP in the UKADR. In the absence of measurable artifacts, the best estimate of the nature of UAP can only be assessed by a careful analysis of all the available reported characteristics and scientific assessments of data collected from diverse sources but the frequency of reports correlated with other measurable events, such as weather, meteors, etc. 6-7 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
Thrust Isp Uses
(N) (S)
CSP 1-500 <320 Extensive
ARCJET <1 550 Wide
SPT 0.04-0.20 1600 Limited
IPS 0.002-0.25 3000 Experimental
FEEP <0.001 4000 Future
TABLE 1: ELECTRIC PROPULSION OPTIONS
6-8
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRET
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 7
SIGHTLINE RATES OF FLYING OBJECTS
&
METEORITES
Para Page
INTRODUCTION 1 7-1
SIGHTLINE RATE GEOMETRY 2 7-1
PARAMETERS 5 7-1
INTERPRETATION 6 7-2
EXO-ATMOSPHERIC OBJECTS 9 7-2
Meteorites 9 7-2
Satellites 13 7-3
PLASMAS, CHARGED AEROSOLS AND SPRITES 17 7-3
THE ILLUSION OF OBJECT MOTION 18 7-3
VELOCITY ILLUSION 19 7-4
February 1, 2000 xxxxxxxxxx S.40
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/6/99 SIGHTLINE RATES OF FLYING OBJECTS INTRODUCTION 1. This brief paper is intended to relate to frequent UAP reports where objects cross through the observer's field of view at what are often, reportedly, extra-ordinarily high velocities. Typical examples are those of satellites and meteorites. SIGHTLINE RATE GEOMETRY 2. The basic geometry assumption is that, from the initial visual contact, the object continues in a straight line until it goes out of sight due to some local obscuration or reaches the observer's visual horizon. The largest angle through which an object can pass is from horizon to horizon. Usually the angular sector crossed (or at least seen by the observer) is much less. The angle crossed is usually viewed either as azimuth or elevation. On occasions the object is diving and often disappears during the process - and these are usually explainable in horizon-up memories or against debris. The greatest tangential velocity occurs when either the object trajectory is almost overhead or when at a 90° azimuth offset. Velocities always appear to be greater when objects are closer to the observer, even though they are identical to those at greater range which pass through the same enclosed angle but take longer because the distance subtended is greater. The human perception of speed is often distorted by any accompanying sound. Many UAPs are reported as 'silent'. However, it is borne in mind that if any sound is present it can give residual perception of the meteor's energy heard. 3. On the spur of the moment, accounting for surprise and even incredulity, later embellishment, misunderstanding and over or under estimation, it is clear that the velocity and velocity figures given by a UAP witness can be wildly inaccurate. Further, more than one witness at the same event may provide 7-1 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET The plots are for objects 'flying' at constant altitudes. If an object is either climbing or diving then a different calculation is needed. INTERPRETATION 6. Figure 2 (for both endo-and-exo-atmospheric targets) enables a target speed to be approximated, based on witness assessments of angle traversed (az or el), range and time of observation: φ = 2ρ / r t where φ = Angle traversed (radians) = Deg/57.29 R = Witness estimate of target range t = Witness estimate of duration of sighting 7. The same approximation applies to space-based objects. In this case it is assumed that exo-atmospheric objects can be at any altitude above the earth. 8. It is important to note that the method used is based on the assumption that moving objects travel tangentially through the estimated angle, with respect to the observer's position. Any movement at other angles with respect to the observer would increase the track-length flown and thus, in a given time, increase the object's velocity. EXO-ATMOSPHERIC OBJECTS 9. Meteorites Diving objects (e.g. often called 'shooting stars') are frequently reported. These are high velocity ionised particles caused by meteor-body friction with air molecules, which then usually travel with a fiery tail/trail, lasting only a few seconds. RF reflection from trails (utilised for scatter HF communications purposes), occurs in the (approximate) 30 to 120MHz range. Meteor-trail duration is measured in hundreds of milliseconds. Two categories describe the rate at which meteors strike the earth's atmosphere. The periodic group (known as meteor 'showers'), which have a yearly cycle and the sporadic group which are, though more random, occur year-round. In the context of UAP sightings: - 'Showers' occur for periods from hours to days at a rate of the order 20 to 50 per hour. These are often present, though not always visible, due to the interference of moonlight. The forthcoming occurrence of showers can be predicted, and can be predicted to be known to the (and the meteor stream's orbits) are known - hence the intersection can be calculated. What is not known is the shower density. There is a shower density cycle repeating every 33 years. There is no connection between meteoric activity and sun spots or solar flares. - 'Sporadics' exhibit a Poisson distribution but with a diurnal variation. - In addition to the familiar largest fireball-producing meteors there are tiny grains not visible to the human observer. Radio and radar methods allow the latter to be detected. As the meteorite rate may have a bearing on the production and presence of some types of 'UAP' attempts will be made to correlate meteoric density against the trend of UAP reports. 10. This latter condition reflects the fact that at dawn (local time) a meteor that has the longest path in the atmosphere, while at mid-day the meteor will appear to strike the atmosphere at 90°. As the size of meteors varies between smaller than a grain of sand to those that survive and impact the earth's surface (e.g. Tunguska), they vary inversely with probability of arrival. Consequently, large meteorites (which can, on average, strike the earth once in every 250,000 years) make up a significant proportion of all meteoric mass and are not large enough to be seen visually. * Lowell A C B Meteor Astronomy UP 1954 P248.
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED 11. Associated with the size is the electron line density (ELD). These are classed as either 'over' or 'under' dense. Under-dense ELD is <2×10⁶ electrons per metre. Over-dense trails are considered to be a tubular plasma cloud (hence the association with other phenomena of interest to this study). The duration of over-dense trails is generally longer than that of under-dense trails. Trails can be manipulated by the effects of both wind-shear and high altitude winds, which distort their tracks. A brief examination of recent UK meteorite velocity measurements shows velocities from about 11km sec⁻¹ (with a maximum of 70km per second maximum, with a mean of around 40km per second). The International Meteor Organisation produce a Meteor Shower Calendar, which is used elsewhere in this report as the basis for some statistical analysis against the UAP report rate. (see Volume 1 Annex F) 12. The probability of observing meteor trails visually is low and apparently not equally distributed over the earth. For correlation purposes it has been found that the best trails occur according to the distribution at Figure 1, and it might be supposed that this density also reflects the most likely locations where higher visual opportunities occur. This changes according to geographical latitude. The meteor scenario, in relation to reported UAP events is an enigma. It does not necessarily note the increased presence of more UAP reports in coincidence with periods of high (or higher) meteoric activity. This does not necessarily mean that observers are only seeing meteors. Further, it does not mean that UAP reports are always caused by meteors. There are bound to be reports generated by a host of other causes. On the other hand it could mean that some UAP are formed by meteors as the residual effect of the meteors enormous energy. These postulations are examined further, statistically, at Volume 1 Annex F, where it is clear that this is the case. 13. Satellites Other frequently reported objects, almost always described as 'steady lights' are probably satellites in low earth orbit (LEO) (see Working Paper No 17). The sightline rate of these is clearly dependent on orbital altitude and speed. 14. Observation curves are at WP No17, and assume an observer is stationary on the earth's surface. Geo-stationary satellites can be ignored, as by definition they have no sightline rate. Low earth orbit satellites have a practical maximum altitude of ~10000Km and orbit at a velocity of ~7Km sec⁻¹. This equates to a sightline rate of about 4° per minute. 15. If an observer spotted a satellite from rise to set (most unlikely) covering a full 180° (45 minutes), or even for 15 minutes, current public knowledge is such that it would be identified as such and not reported as a UAP, or even reported at all. 16. In UK latitudes the satellite orbit would have to be at an inclination >50°. Viewing conditions must also be correct to observe a satellite: - It is unlikely in daylight. - Its size must be large (small debris is not detectable) - The light falling on the satellite, which is then reflected must be adequate. Other data concerning the observation of satellites and hence the probability of being mis-reported as UAPs, is at Working Paper No 17. PLASMAS, CHARGED AEROSOLS AND SPRITES 17. It is evident that when plasmas, charged aerosols and any high altitude phenomena, which depend on luminosity due to charged particle interaction, are seen to have extremely high These phenomena, often described as 'nocturnal lights' are described at Working Paper Nos 1, 5, 10, 19, 21, and 24. They frequently appear as having significant angular size and, because of their high speeds (some being at altitudes of tens to often kilometres to tens of kilometres), are often 7-3 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED perceived and reported as flying much lower than they actually are. THE ILLUSION OF OBJECT MOTION 18. It is important to note that (other types of actual flying objects excepted), with those visual phenomena which are due to certain atmospheric effects, little of substantial physical substance actually moves. It is the light seen by the observer that moves from place to place and it becomes visible in those places because the atmospheric conditions (electrical, particle etc.) allow it to become visible. Hence, the observed variation in colours seen, the duration for which an object is seen, and the time for which a sightline rate is discernible. The visualisation (wavelength) of a UAP, from an electromagnetic charge source, also depends upon air pressure. VELOCITY ILLUSION 19. The illusion of velocity in receding objects is particularly important in UAP reports, where, as they are often in the dark, leave the observer with no surface references with which to relate speed. This is especially the case when the sky background does not offer a simultaneous view of any aircraft, with which to compare sightline motion. Similarly, in bright sunlight the velocity of a small receding spherical object is particularly difficult to assess. This is dependant on whether the object being viewed is just a spherical (i.e. 'round') light, (which may be bright or dim) or whether it is being viewed as a silhouette. The surface area of a receding sphere is the same as the area of a circle (Πr²) and the enclosed angle resulting (1.subtended) from its diameter, as range increases, will reduce linearly as the ratio of its diameter to range. However, its area appears to the observer to have shrunk according to the square law. The important feature here is that a sphere comprising plasma objects which might not be accelerating away (or even be moving away at linear speed) but is in fact shrinking in size (as its, often brief, lifetime comes to an end as the electrical forces holding it stable collapse), can 7-4 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/1/98 [FIGURE: Dome/hemisphere diagram showing meteorite trail distribution with concentric elevation lines at 0°, 25°, 50°, 75°, 105° from horizon to zenith, labeled with 'Zenith' at top, 'Horizon Circle' at bottom right, and angle markers] FIGURE 1: METEORITE TRAIL DISTRIBUTION (E) 7-5 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
Velocity
(m/sec)
30000
UAP
Ranges
25000 50(km)
20000
30(km)
15000
20(km)
10000
10(km)
5000
5(km)
0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Sight-line Rate (deg/sec)
FIGURE 2 SIGHT-LINE RATES(E)
7-6
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRET
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 8
RARITY OF UAP SOUND
REPORTS
Para Page
INTRODUCTION 1 8-1
Anomalies 2 8-1
Discussion 3 8-1
Geometry 4 8-1
Future systems 5 8-1
Mis-reported sounds 6 8-1
SUMMARY 7 8-1
February 1, 2000 xxxxxxxxxx S40
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/6/99 RARITY OF UAP SOUND REPORTS INTRODUCTION 1. An initial overview on UAP sound is at Working Paper No. 1. This paper further sound in the context that there appears to be a correlation between the occasional report of sounds, the frequent lack of sound when high UAP velocities are reported when, usually there are no corresponding reports of 'sonic booms' nearby. Normally, sound is either generated and then emitted by a stationary body (e.g. in building, machine), a continuously vibrating, oscillating or rotating device producing sound due to built or frictional displacement of air. Sound may also be caused by electrical discharge or chemical action. 2. Anomalies When an object is in the air and, however erroneously is considered to be a 'vehicle', a witness normally expects to hear some sort of noise. The faster a UAP is perceived as travelling, then the greater is the expectation of sound. The lack of sound in the vicinity of a travelling object in UKADR is unusual. The basic reasons for the lack of sound in UAP reports attributed to an air-vehicle (and not always nearby) is likely to be due to: - An over-estimate of the object's actual velocity. - The presence of some atmospheric conditions (e.g. wind absorbing cloud) that suppressed the sound to an inaudible level. - The probability that, while reported as being in the atmosphere, the object is in fact in space. - The object - though travelling sometimes at high speed, has not actually disturbed the atmosphere through which it has clearly seemed to pass. - The fact that the 'object' may have no mass, or negligible mass. Normally, sound is either generated and then emitted, or generated and then reflected from its ionised gases or an internally-generated colour temperature. 3. Discussion The first effect above is not unexpected as most UAP witnesses are untrained. The second can occur when the sonic shock wave is distorted and the conical pattern of the shock front does not reach the ground. It is also noted that the classic bow and tail shocks may not both be heard as they are at different intensities. Hence, as the public are aware (and may recognise a double shock as a supersonic aircraft), a single shock 'bump' may not be recognised as coming from a genuine aircraft, (the lateral component of a supersonic shock wave causes a variation in intensity. This effect coupled with windspeed means that the source of 'sound heard.') 4. Geometry Unless the observer is along the track of the target, z a few kilometres, the double (or even single) 'boom' may not be heard as some aerodynamic design can reduce shock wave effects, though not eliminate them. 5. Future Systems It is of interest, here in the UAP context, that the first experiments to modify airflow using electromagnetic fields (and plasmas) took place in the 1960s, and is a topic of current interest with its 'read-across' to target signature control (i.e. RCS reduction). It is not clear, at present, how much the reduction of drag will affect the overall audio noise generation and hence the probability of sound heard on the ground is generated by the engine thrust, relatively little being generated by the airframe or sound vehicle body. 6. Mis-reported Sounds Finally, one must consider that sounds may be mis-reported (e.g. mistaken description of the aircraft itself, or a figment of the imagination engendered and embellished with the rest of the alleged phenomena). For example, it is easy to imagine a charged mass to have a drone and perhaps it is to attribute volume when it 'takes off'. Sound reports, as with other attributes, suffer from not having a first-hand debrief immediately after the event and before reports become forgotten or the information of interest is lost 8-1 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SUMMARY 7. It seems most likely that the reasons for few reports of sound (for those sightings in which nearby aircraft can be eliminated) are that many objects are beyond the range at which sound would be heard, are mis-reported in range, they are satellites, or are 'charged' air masses of various sorts which emit little or no sound (e.g. Charged aerosols or plasmas, etc.) UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED
SECRET
NATO RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO.9
'BLACK' AND OTHER AIRCRAFT
AS UAP EVENTS
Para Page
WESTERN PROGRAMMES 1 9-1
SR-71 programme 2 9-1
S.27 X X X X X X X X X 3 9-1
X X X X X X X X X 6 9-1
RUSSIA 7 9-1
UAVs 9 9-2
GLIDERS 10 9-2
PARAWINGS, HANG-GLIDERS & MICROLIGHTS 11 9-2
MIXED AIR ASSETS 12 9-2
HELICOPTERS 13 9-2
AIRCRAFT LOW FLYING ROUTES 14 9-2
VISIBILITY FOR LOW FLYING 15 9-3
AIRCRAFT LOW FLYING AT NIGHT 16 9-3
AIRCRAFT IN FORMATIONS 17 9-3
SPEED WHEN LOW FLYING 18 9-3
USE OF RE-HEAT OR AFTERBURNER 19 9-3
FREE-FALL PARACHUTING 20 9-3
NATO RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
SECRETUNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED OBSTRUCTIONS & POWER LINES 21 9-3 PROHIBITED & AVOIDANCE AREAS 22 9-3 SPECIAL NOTE: This working paper contains NATO RESTRICTED information on the UK low Flying Zone, for use in UAP report filtering and analysis, which must not be divulged to the public. UNCLASSIFIED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET NATO RESTRICTED 'BLACK' AND OTHER AIRCRAFT AS UAP EVENTS WESTERN PROGRAMMES 1. It is acknowledged that some UAP reports can be attributed to covert aircraft programmes – in which unusual air vehicles may be seen, either at the experimental stage or in service. UAP reports often describe the shapes that are shown at Figures 1 to 9. It is noted that certain viewing conditions of these vehicles may be described as 'saucer like' – hence they are not ignored by observers – as more conventional and familiar aircraft shapes would be, but are frequently reported as UAPs. 2 SR-71 Programme Figure 1 shows an SR-71. Flights have been conducted since the 1960s. It is known that this was a US supersonic (M3+) reconnaissance aircraft that operated over the UK. This aircraft was also known as 'SENIOR CROWN'. 3. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X S.27 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4. Figures 7 and 9 show head-on silhouettes of the F117 and B-2 'stealth' aircraft and of other aircraft, the body/fuselage shape of which can be reported respectively as 'saucer' or disc/boomerang shaped' under certain silhouette and lighting conditions. These aircraft types are unfamiliar as they are rarely spotted in UK airspace. 5. It is important to note that since these aircraft cannot hover then accelerate, they cannot be the cause of reports where these phenomena occur. 6. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X S.27 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RUSSIA 7. In 1992 Russia announced a new flying machine, called a thermoplane, constructed by designers of the Moscow Aviation Institute, according to Moskovskaya Pravda newspaper. This unusual airship, outwardly resembling a flying saucer, is intended to be used for ecologically sound highly effective technologies in the field of superblock construction; control and remote exploration of the environment; and large scale life- saving operations. 8. According to experts the fuel and economic efficiency of a thermoplane will exceed that of an aeroplane by five to seven times, two to three 2-3 times for an automobile and can be compared with a sailing vessel up to a few thousand tonnes displacement. Tests on the thermoplane are being conducted in Ulyanovsky Aviation Industrial Complex (Volga region). The diameter is ~40m and depth 16m. 9-1 UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET NATO RESTRICTED UAVs 9. There is a significant UAV programme in the USA and Israel and to a lesser extent in the European NATO Nations. It is possible that experimental versions may be flown principally over coastal or sparsely inhabited regions of the UKADR in the future. Some of these may be reported as UAP. GLIDERS 10. Gliding objects are of particular interest in the UAP context, as they make very little sound. Further para-wings and hang-gliders also appear to an observer to hover, climb and descend. On occasions, depending on livery, a glider has briefly reflected light and has been reported as a UAP, insufficient of the rest of the machine being seen to permit the observer to recognise the sighting as a glider. Both freeflght and powered gliders fall in this category. PARA-WINGS, HANG-GLIDERS & MICROLIGHTS 11. There is an increase in the use of sport para-wings and hang-gliders, both unpowered and powered. The small size (and often similar span to length ratio), make these more likely to be misreported as a UAP than ignored, as would be the case for a more conventional aircraft. Different timing windows that can be taken into account for UAP event analysis. Normally, low flying night flights will show navigation lights. MIXED AIR ASSETS 12. Except for towing aircraft for gliders, other fixed wing aircraft, especially fast low jet aircraft are prohibited from glider and hang-glider sites. Hence, within those areas, a useful filter is that UAP events cannot be misinterpreted as other military or civil operations. UAP reports from within these areas are therefore due to either gliders or hang-gliders, or other natural or man-made objects, which may enter the airspace, (e.g. birds, balloons), or "genuine" UAP events. Note should be taken of the fact that these sport aircraft, though in use at all times during daylight, when weather conditions allow are more likely to appear at weekends and holidays. HELICOPTERS 13. Although helicopters can be seen anywhere and under certain conditions (as a disc illuminated from above or below) are reported as a disc-type UAP event, this is more likely to occur within the UK helicopter routes shown in Figures 11 to 14. AIRCRAFT LOW FLYING ROUTES 14. Although, in principle, the whole of the UKADR is available for low flying (down to an altitude of 2500), in practice, and excluding the prohibited and restricted areas, such as danger areas, major conurbations and other specified areas, low flying is limited to the designated low flying areas. In three designated areas, fly down to 100ft. Although they are theoretically available for 24hrs per day, low flying is prohibited over land areas between 2300 and 0700hrs, with few exceptions for non-jet aircraft. This is rare enough to warrant special permission and then only normally at Fridays. Weekend and Public Holiday flying is only permitted for small-scale, pre-arranged exercises, and only from 0800-1900, with the exception of some aircraft used for parachute training. An obvious exception is that of Search and Rescue operations and helicopter training over sea at weekends and on Public Holidays. The UK Low Flying System is exclusively for UK aircraft, UK aircraft based in Germany and NATO aircraft on approved 9-2 UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET NATO RESTRICTED flights. Special approval is required for other (non-NATO) nations, who must not fly below 2000ft AGL. Exceptionally UK light fixed wing aircraft may fly down to 50ft. VISIBILITY FOR LOW FLYING 15. Strict rules apply to visibility for low flying. This is of interest in the UAP context, as clearly this filters out all manned aircraft if certain conditions exist: - For low flying aircraft (in excess of 140kts), there must be a forward visibility of at least 5km and 1500ft horizontal surface or 500ft vertical separation from cloud. - Light aircraft must have a forward visibility of at least 2km, be clear of cloud and sight of the surface. - Helicopters, (flying at 140kts, or less) must either be clear of cloud and in sight of the surface, or apply the same rules as for low flying aircraft above. AIRCRAFT LOW FLYING AT NIGHT 16. The UK Night Low Flying System (UKNLFS) is a source of potential UAP erroneous reports. Restrictions apply as shown at Table 1 with timing that can be taken into account for UAP event analysis. Normally, low flying night flights will show navigation lights. AIRCRAFT IN FORMATIONS 17. In the UK Low Flying System a formation is not normally to exceed four aircraft, but North of 54 degrees North formations of up to 8 aircraft may be flown permitted for various operational activities. Special permission is required to exceed these rules and the incidence of larger formations is very rare. SPEED WHEN LOW FLYING 18. The maximum speed (all aircraft types) is 520kts. USE OF RE-HEAT OR AFTERBURNER 19.A characteristic of some UAP reports is that of glowing objects in the sky. Except for emergencies, it is unlikely that after-burners will be used overland at low altitude at less than 1000ft for most aircraft. The Jaguar is an exception (500ft) FREE-FALL PARACHUTING 20.A brief glimpse of a parachute can be sufficiently ambiguous as a UAP sighting. Manned aircraft are prohibited from the designated parachuting areas. Normally, parachuting only takes place in daylight. OBSTRUCTIONS & POWER LINES 21. During analysis it should be noted that while a UAP (e.g. Ball Lightning) may be observed near to tall structures, aircraft, the crews of which will be aware of these, can be eliminated, as they will not fly close by. UK tower heights are at 500 and 1500[ILLEGIBLE], not 1ft. Slow inspection aircraft can be expected in the vicinity of electrical power lines. PROHIBITED & AVOIDANCE AREAS 22. For the purpose of evaluation of UAP reports it is possible to filter out fixed wing aircraft (notwithstanding any infringement), where sufficient UAP evidence exists to determine that its altitude was observed below the avoidance area minimum altitude (2000ft AGL). 9-3 UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET NATO RESTRICTED MONTH START END JAN 1630 0900 FEB 1730 0700 MAR 1930 0430 APR 2100 0330 MAY 2130 0300 JUN 2100 0300 JUL 1930 0300 AUG 1930 0430 SEP 1830 0430 OCT 1730 0600 NOV 1630 0800 DEC 1600 0800 NOTE: All times Zulu TABLE 1 LOW FLYING NIGHT-TIME PERIODS UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET NATO RESTRICTED [PHOTOGRAPH: SR-71 aircraft in flight over mountainous terrain] FIGURE 1: SR-71 IN FLIGHT (NASA PHOTO) [REDACTED IMAGE] S.27 FIGURE 2: 9-5 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [TECHNICAL DRAWINGS: ALA-40 thermoplane concept, top and side views] [PHOTOGRAPH: ALA-40 proof of concept thermoplane under test, large disc-shaped craft on ground] FIGURE 3: THE ALA-40 PROOF OF CONCEPT THERMOPLANE UNDER TEST AT ULYANKOVSK IN MID-1992 (P. DUFF) 9-6 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [TECHNICAL DIAGRAM: Cross-section and structural diagram of ALA-600 Thermoplane with numbered components] Structural details of the Thermoplane ALA-600: 1. Front vertical and horizontal stabilizers 2. [ILLEGIBLE] 3. Hot and Cold gas volumes 4. [ILLEGIBLE] balloon spheres 5. [ILLEGIBLE] 6. [ILLEGIBLE] 7. [ILLEGIBLE] Turbojet motors 8. Cargo platform 9. Engines 10. Staff quarters FIGURE 4: ALA-600 THERMOPLANE (RUSSIA) 9-7 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET NATO RESTRICTED [REDACTED IMAGE] S.27 FIGURE 5: 9-8 UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED SECRET NATO RESTRICTED [TECHNICAL DRAWINGS: Lockheed F-22A production configuration, multiple views including side view of two-seat F-22B] FIGURE 6: PRODUCTION CONFIGURATION OF LOCKHEED F-22A WITH ADDITIONAL SIDE VIEW (TOP) OF TWO-SEAT F-22B (JANES) [TECHNICAL DRAWINGS: Lockheed F-117A Stealth Attack Aircraft, multiple views] FIGURE 7: LOCKHEED F-117A STEALTH ATTACK AIRCRAFT (JANES) 9-9 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [TECHNICAL DRAWINGS: Stealthy UCAV concept showing 'roll-over' technique, top view, side view, and cross-section with labels: Two-fin detail, Cross-Section, Low radar penetration offensive slotting] FIGURE 8: A STEALTHY UCAV CONCENT DEPICTING THE 'ROLL-OVER' TECHNIQUE FOR REDUCING RADAR CROSS SECTION (TOP RIGHT) (JANES) [TECHNICAL DRAWING: B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber, top-down view with internal structure visible] FIGURE 9: B-2 'SPIRIT' STEALTH BOMBER (USA) (JANES) 9-10 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [MAP] THAMES VALLEY AVOIDANCE AREA HANG GLIDING SITES [Map shows grid areas labeled AREA 1A, AREA 1B, AREA 1C and surrounding regions with hang gliding site markers] [Box, upper right]: THESE CHARTS ARE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED AS NAVIGATIONAL PLANNING AIDS FIGURE 10 9-11 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [MAP] HELICOPTER ROUTES MORECAMBE BAY/LIVERPOOL BAY [Legend box with small text — ILLEGIBLE at this resolution] LOW LEVEL TRAFFIC INFORMATION SERVICE IS AVAILABLE FROM NORFOLK 384.6 MHz [Map labels visible include:] BARROW WALNEY ISLAND FLEETWOOD BLACKPOOL LYTHAM MORECAMBE LANCASTER HEYSHAM HAMILTON NORTH HAMILTON BLACKROD KIRKHAM FIGURE 11 9-12 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [MAP] HELICOPTER MAIN ROUTES NORTHERN NORTH SEA [Map shows latitude lines 55°N through 61°N with helicopter routes radiating from Aberdeen area] [Locations visible include:] EDAY DUNDEE ABERDEEN [Various offshore platform/field labels — partially ILLEGIBLE] LOW LEVEL TRAFFIC INFORMATION SERVICE IS AVAILABLE FROM ABERDEEN 124.60MHz [Box, lower right]: THESE CHARTS ARE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED AS NAVIGATIONAL PLANNING AIDS FIGURE 12 9-13 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [MAP — landscape orientation] SOUTHERN NORTH SEA HELICOPTER ROUTES [Map shows helicopter routes across the Southern North Sea with offshore field/platform labels — most labels ILLEGIBLE at this resolution] FIGURE 13 9-14 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [MAP — landscape orientation] HELICOPTER MAIN ROUTE BETWEEN HUMBERSIDE AND THE ROUGH AND WEST SOLE FIELDS [Map shows helicopter routes with offshore field labels and coastal locations — smaller labels ILLEGIBLE at this resolution] FIGURE 14 9-15 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [MAP] LOW FLYING AREAS 1A, 1B and 1C HANG GLIDING SITES [Map labels visible include:] THAMES VALLEY AREA 1C [Additional area labels and hang gliding site markers — partially ILLEGIBLE] [Box, upper right]: THESE CHARTS ARE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED AS NAVIGATIONAL PLANNING AIDS FIGURE 15 9-16 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED NATO RESTRICTED [MAP] LOW FLYING AREA 2 and 2P HANG GLIDING SITES [Map shows low flying area boundaries with hang gliding site markers — smaller labels ILLEGIBLE at this resolution] [Box]: THESE CHARTS ARE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED AS NAVIGATIONAL PLANNING AIDS FIGURE 16 9-17 NATO RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
* KeuReIOr i) | nite : i. § BT iirc: |e ieee |e a h | 7 j Bow Lay ; | a ao, | 4 ( \ | ; : H . ' . 3 , |e ? +, as | es ; 7 \ ' 4 4 | it 5 \ A i e Zo @ S. ' 2 - i z3 | j a = | if ag ee é FIGURE 17 9-18 IA aA A F&F eee ee | | NATO RESTRICTED r)
sama 2 j te ge . 5 ee a of ' B26 ej 8 Hk : PLL 5 Pile oe pie i") & , eer as pee i. ' : Ht E | _ FIGURE 18
Up | (SECREY Ort rm r= | NATO CTED =| 00° 01" AREA 7 £ W es = , 'eo HE ' 53°N . Q | Kings Lynn 2» Norwich ad | sala phi Goeat Yarmour i a Ze Camonage - j % 4 al LFA 10 \ f '52°N wy S2°N 4 5 7 y, ~ ht AVOIDANCE AREA o i i —~, | LOW FLYING AREA 5 | aa ©/ HANG GLIDING SITES Ve AREA 00" nt ore 18 FIGURE 19 9-20 U)\\ sate i Oy re
J NIHR EYE ay
; LW oom 8
7} ee
L\waToResratcrey) |
orw el
| P LOW FLYING AREA 6 +
! HANG GLIDING SITES
| INTENDED AS NAVIGATIONAL PLANNING CHARTS
| | je
| - Ps
| : y 1 53°N
53°N * a
& 5 Menon Moatray " a.
| i . oe ~— "
| P Rey,
name i . bd . — iy
% Welingborugh = | S _— f
7 . eae g AREA
4 mverery Normagton om { '
; — = Sexy NQ a
he co
e ae Teen, ion Royton = 10
| EA
—— 0 Vy _ 52°N
Y lt A ae
/ ~~, ad Pr
/
AREA 1C f o
7 THAMES VALLEY
| f AVOIDANCE AREA
sw ee a
FIGURE 20
9-21
] A Tay " AA) =
__ NATO RESTRICTED © ie = [)Ff wd TO RICTED™ <=
as: oa°w 1 Oo3s°Ww
{ §
LOW FLYING AREA 7 and 7 |
HANG GLIDING SITES AREA | (|
17
| 1 \
, : 8
| Hotyhead 78 Colwyn By ro ALY
| a Pie
2 an Comyn —& Denbigh 5
e Q :
:
Isa °N feat oe 53 °N
| a .
- A we (OS ee Re aig
a pee ? : an
J donne ¢
~) 20 . 5
52°N % |
' — Beem WA: %
sf = erorohe Dock are Epontardeme 'Owe S| ater 9 bs Pommpont
4 2° Svar Jaa haneeng Ovmbean Crepston
\ f " pennpnas _s Tae
j e (Caccpiity
CF anigene OE"
(
| THESE CHARTS ARE GRAPHICAL 5
nee tiie tenn ial
(Tatm FA bi
sel ow a o4°W o3"w 51"
FIGURE 21
IKIAT AAA
|| NATO RESTRICTED a r)
Wher wa iLL' Lc garoresrcise = = sa o1w AREA 7 ff i E - 5a°N / A / | : A. Naoycoine aay * AREA be Blackoun @ . sede Baye ce mes Ramnersiat tad . Hesten'Sowerry Broge f J Standen — lia Ef Piz Se rr © Crm en te ey nent owe ee 'ne Peimore © ok w i Foo Stocksbrge © Holand Nene © 43 &o ? Aneion bad a © Orono m ot e mJ © Seevoiey : sil ete a ug naan 8 i ternkn @ Cow" ° epon * NaroyerAstiiels §— © 2 ware | EN, b verse - iy teeanee ase HY > - 7 >. ' g Stators eine - f ae 4 A > lo ran ~*~ fom LOW FLYING AREA 8 "f=... i sam HANG GLIDING SITES enmanvmenenr REPRESENTATIONS ONLY AMO ARE MOT \ INTENDED AS KAVIGATIONAL PLANNING CHARTS . os"w aw as FIGURE 22 | Nato RESTRICTED [) . femad. oh Goh? , i "REA ARTY ) dhe
Ur | SECRER A |) = Z 7 | 3 an at 53 - | 0 ? | ra be | P <o |383 75 |2e3 | | * 6 ie? | , at ; os i 8 7, ; " i § i '@ | PS | 2 |i | | as PA ' ces : 5 ? . Ge Gs t / e \ \ | \ \ | | i- | z | a iy E % FIGURE 23 TA a © 9-24, O ) ees ee U _ NATO RESTRICTED ry
U)\ creatine =| i rn ya } ! VURR vil icD EB 4 i $5 i <9 i | ; O58 |? | ee il | | \ ike ' . J 3 Pd | % 7 5 ae ¥ FIGURE 24 LN oe 95S am A , Nearer |) icD
UN Sts SAL | ow a" 00° AREA 12 '\ wae wae) 5 em \ wntay AREA Lod 17 te Scarborough rere "~ eo . - = ; PF Knaresborough HaxDy Dettots mice iw Bens wanes = © Crowe on © Sammope Geroy 5 8 g i is LOW FLYING AREA 11 te A AREA HANG GLIDING SITES N . _ 00° FIGURE 25 U || NATO RESTRICTED 1)
A) Ae \'/SECREFO IT NATO ae | omer ow VU | Bereich upon Tweed E AREA Tweedmouth 16 | gg | ceo' | " a ¢ a ae AREA % Aree es am po NS a mes Newtiggin-by-the-Sea 13 ® ee hae Beaingor | 4 '55° S5°N | | a -- 4S Coen ' i . ® | al =_— ye = yy - if AREA © : +. me 4 17 bo % yi LOW FLYING AREA 12 on ee HANG GLIDING SITES % aes o2°w o1°w FIGURE 26 INA AArmer U _NATO RESTRICTED } ERE i a
a OVIT TE
sof F
| S ra
yd re
5 .* ; \, | AREA i
Sy Ag rodewe »} 4m a7
a2 Pe. ein 2 Zz!
e A . = Nansocrege a Q 75 a Bn
ae J Achrasheer s —. 2
2 9 ocr r a 9 au
Wp s:|@
po o { oN ot cf 3B
Ss
aay Mga ®
be 7 ee sx. &% }
oO f " * on o aakaidadaalaal 4 |
ee AREA.
T g 4 16
LOW FLYING AREA
14 WEST and 14(T)
HANG GLIDING SITES
Sp a: a
ge aman } 4 ——
orw o6°w \ _os°w ew . iiea
FIGURE 27
NIY y, AA TER =
¢ } et iol hee| NATORESTRICTED |AREA 14T O8W ow 02°w | HRA ad E ; se-N = sen ' Sy LOW FLYING AREA are 14 EAST, 14(C) | 16 HANG GLIDING SITES Fa Fraserburgh | Q pe AREA ig 2 aaietieeogmer * | A : "SN ° | p OF i a f - 3 = a : @| Montrose ° ll al 2 — ns a & FA _——— a bas wow Aine ; cs Seer) % Me. woah AREA a S FIGURE 28 LJ IAL RA At) || NATO RESTRICTED | f= | [)
: 2 eo i
ge 5
7 + <g i
. ae O = 82
7 "2 Sail
| 'li Wea / i pi"
a E | 5 fee 's se '
ied F 4
ENG] ?
oS {@
a
'Sh +) \ E ai
FIGURE 29 ; -
aot es hy | tr et ow ow lial 3 ; % ns 5 : " AREA Foe f hom : 7 so Fou = SS Ae : % C e c : ~ ypoee . , \ 3 My j — | a oe i 'i * Tp ( = 3 8 ; octane, 4 LOW FLYING AREA 1 ieee aoe HANG GLIDING SITES L \ Ney t y eS Se | eae I ¢ cam = aw o2"w FIGURE 30 9-31 , | NATORESTRICTED =,
PAP = >. P22 pms roe i ee > ' F : Q > Z i, ; ° i we F ' Sa i | 4 53 il | hed . = os . 83 o ge " 2} Ss 2 i ' if FIGURE 31 9-32
tN ARC itt ST | | i sil" ie ; Hl > \ 21. "Ih eT Nt Ny 2 Bs 8G : etl =v Ateeivn '+ e a 2 7 . , a & ge ge mi | ' Fe ae : by = 2 ri E Sag s 3 pee Roe — =) — 4. ~ <2 i a 4 "ha . pA . BZ a Be " q A i . | FIGURE 32 9-33 |\ NATOREsTRiCTED ed
Th oR -< »
|| NATO RESTRICTED "= [)
| Te es
-—- as i oes: a a —
=e Bou 8 37
S WwW ~~~< T E
ae SP : taj
> ig ¢ 333
= 553
> 6 z | #65
& « 32
L oO H i 3 "te
3a + I i
& { 2
& 2
, ; ~*~ |
Bs & i. Peon
i ec r
. 24 =|
= inka GIN
3 : S
wo
. >
ies a we
Se > J / 4
& as
R c Ar]
5 an EE
/ 2, J 8
SS) , © i a
a oe le ee Lee
ee 9-34
i NATO RESTRICTED | sina
Noe ' AL jm 'tel ZY wii i B| Tre op op 4 EW ' U., RaSREL ) DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00 WORKING PAPER NO. 10 LEY LINES, EARTHLIGHTS AND UK EARTH FAULT LINES e Para Page LEY LINES 1 10-1 Study Objective 7 10-2 ELECTRO, THERMO AND TRIBOLUMINESCENCE 10 10-3 EARTHLIGHTS 13 10-3 Summary 14 10-5 EARTHLIGHT REACTION 15 10-6 HISTORICAL 16 10-6 GEOLOGICAL 17 10-6 January 26, 2000 -i- XKXXXKKMOK S.4.0 aia). va a oP ' UK RESTRICTED "= Py > ' ce ent 4
a If 5
[yr & per BIFIED
iV ww ba Led Ld if =
reference to ancient sites and markers etc.
LEY LINES, EARTHLIGHTS AND UK found on Ordnance Survey Maps
EARTH FAULT LINES
LEY LINES
rE This aspect is briefly investigated
because of the suggestion that the location of
Gk me eee Salt alt ee
linked in some way and even in coinci : Be i aadinal iat fin and alignment
The same "LEY LINES' wes coined in 192% of ancient sites, such as stone circles, the
from the old terminology the 'lay' or 'lie' of results of which have suggested that these
the land. were accurately constructed (and that ancient
¢ civilisations must have had knowledge beyond
2. The suggestion of a UAP connection expectation). In the UK much of this is based
seems to have originated from a French on 'accurate' measurements of standing
investigator who postulated that there was a artefacts (which often turn out to be spaced at
'tendency for UFO sightings to appear in multiples of ~2.72 feet - the so called
straight lines'[1]These were then called 'megalithic yard' - a human pace!)
6. In the research briefly explored the
3. Further investigators ({2] and [3]) alignment of three such sites is statistically
respectively linked archaeological and invalid. Four-point ley lines are also rejected
astronomical interests to the theory. as inadmissible on the grounds of probability.
However, 'ley lines' of many objects spread
(or nearly straight) line which some have
connected with ancient sites. These comprise 7: Rationale The only significance in
hill forts, stone circles, earthworks (e.g. long including LEY LINES in this UAP study was
ae burrows, mounds), stone markers, ancient to note that (should clusters of sightings or
abbeys and churches built on old pagan lines of sightings appear) in the analysis, ley
locations. The postulation is that these are lines may be a factor, since some of the
found to be in alignment or near-alignment. locations which form ley lines involve rocky
There is other evidence that they often occur formations. Hence, there may be a tenuous
over water-bearing underground _ fissures. connection with tribo-or chemi-luminescence,
They are also supposedly associated with where certain archaeological formations are
'magnetic currents (or some type of unknown said to produce visual effects when they
'current' or "force') which allow, for example, fracture. There may also turn out to be some
water to be located by some, while seeming to sort of connection with the carth's
have physical effects on others. On occasions geomagnetic field. The action of rocks
a plan of several ley line groups has fracturing to produce light has been proven in
(reportedly) shown replica astronomical laboratory experiments. | One particular
patterns (e.g. BEAR). Numerous plots of Norweigian location where this has occurred
these 'ley lines' can be made by simple consistently, with similar rock formations to
parts of the UK.
10-1£2} AT) Ties || SUKRESTRICTED = WW bel US id i | 8. Hessdalen is a small valley in the all the way from 0 to 30,000 middle part of Norway, South East of knvhour. Sometimes the Trondheim. In that valley strange unknown radar saw something moving lights first showed up hundreds of times at a low speed, but no lights between 1981 and 1985. It was given the were seen by eye. Clearly, name "The Hessdalen Phenomenon"and the something was there, but only project was linked with the Norwegian the radar could detect it. Defence Research Establishment. - Laser 9. In June 1983 "Project Hessdalen" A lemerbem wes disected started, the main purpose of which was to toward the light and the collect as much scientific data as possible. tchevicer of te light During the autumn a research programme was reportedly changed. Out of established, and the work in the field started mie cocesions the light 21 January 1984 and ended 26 February 1984, er % Sgt mnpe, m — oy > ents pe state when rete —— 'aeaieal . was switched off There = =, Camera with grating could, of course be several Three pictures showed a interpretations placed on this continuous spectrum but no phenomena [the most bizarre spectral-lines were seen. of which is that known as a "Close Encounter of the Sth : IR-viewer kind' - see Volume 1 of this This instrument was used too report]. A more realistic little to draw any conclusions. explanation may be that the laser light, being coherent, Sometimes there were electro- light/energy supplied by the magnetic _— signals ~—with 'earthlight' to produce a harmonics of about 80MHz. different colour for the human observer - which would then . Seismograph clearly revert to its original No local _seismographic colour unless some other more £ activity was detected. [This, permanent or ongoing change of course is contrary to the was taking place anyway - expectation of the effect being for example a decay in the initiated by normally energy of the airborne mass - Geiger-counter = Magnetograph The magnetic field did No radioactivity was detected. sometimes change when the But the source was lkm away lights showed up. There also when this instrument was seemed to be a correlation used. Sometimes the lights at with the magnetic pulsation. Hessdalen lasted for more than two hours in one place - Radar before they moved. Literally The lights could be seen on hundreds of instances have the radar. The speed varied 10-2 ITAA awa tiuts | | UK RESTRICTED -[)
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED been reported, as to seven times a week and two to three times a day. Despite all the blanks drawn during the investigation some 20 scientists researched the phenomenon during 1994 and their reports were either not available or not available at the time this MoD study was made. ELECTRO THERMO AND TRIBO- LUMINESCENCE FROM ROCK FORMATIONS/EARTH FAULTS 10. Statistical studies have shown [1] that geology and UAP events tend to be linked. Research [2] in 1977 confirmed that (French) events reported over 25 years correlated with locations of rock formations and a similar study in Leicestershire (1972-1977) gave almost the same statistical results. In 1981 t he US Bureau of Mines carried out experiments in which granite core was crushed under darkened test conditions in which recordings were made and a line was established between anomalous aerial lights and geological sites. 11. Although these luminous effects were earlier attributed to piezo-electric action several other scientific explanations have been proposed, including natural radioactivity, cosmic rays and light from friction or tribo- luminescence. The latter would involve reactive electrons moving between conduction and valence bands in three-dimensional lattices and which contain defects. Some connection with tribo-luminescence is also reported - a simple example of which would be the electrical charging of materials by friction - Tribo-luminescence is the emission of visible radiation due to frictional forces - in effect 'cold light emission'. 12. Example, fault lines where 'Earthlights' have been seen are shown at Figure 5. It is clear from other sources [3] that sightings are often directional rather (as might be expected) omni-directional, that the observer must normally be within a few hundred metres of the phenomena and that the lights appear within a few hundred metres of a rock (old) fault-line. Overseas, particularly in the USA, there is evidence of increased UAP sightings in areas of tectonic volatility – for example in the Cascade Mountain Range in Washington State. The description of these correlates with light seen in Leicestershire, first prior to the 1957 UK earthquake. EARTHLIGHTS 13. The phenomenon of 'earthlights' is based on the fact that physical and electronic forces accumulate in areas of seismic activity, possibly over weeks or months, and the resultant stresses in rock formations could result in rock fractures. At the moment of fracture (and proved by laboratory experiments) light is emitted. Electrically charged particles before bursting, which is manifested as light when the fracture occurs. Whereas an earthquake releases energy in a major form, pre- and post-earthquake stresses are the likeliest time for earthlights to be reported. It is claimed that this anomalous light phenomenon occurs: (a) Along the earth's faultlines. (b) At ± 2km from the faultline (though some references state and exceptionally 20km from an epicentre). (c) At land or sea (underwater faultlines, for example, Loch Tay). On some occasions the lights have sometimes been described as green and 'globe shape' but have been said to change to triangles 10-3 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED (d) When exceptional meteorological conditions are present. (e) When increased man-made pollution (air particles capable of holding a charge) are present. (f) When there is a gaseous presence or chemi-luminescent (i.e. rock to rock friction) also occurs. The key characteristic are: (a) Balls, streaks, sparkles or phosphorescent arcs, wisps of formations or 'boomerangs'. (b) Lights that change shape, fly, occur near the surface or at height and are often described as 'domed', 'domed' or 'surged'. (c) Mostly reports are likely at night, even though the phenomena occur in daylight. (d) An (apparently) scouted shape is found. (e) Sounds are sometimes heard. (f) An emission of EM waves (or other unknown energies) in a variety of forms are present. (g) Shapes appear and disappear and normally take the form of: - Triangles 'with rounded corners' - Discoids - Spheres (Globes, Boloids and Orbs) (see also (i) above). - Tadpoles (square front with tail). These can all flash, 'flutter', 'flicker' or 'fly' in motion. Occasionally they are described as 'basketball' size, but diameters of 4 to 100m have been reported. (h) More than one light can move together, leading to the impression: - That they are each certainty of a solid object. - That they have some sort of intelligence which regulates their spacing. (i) Lights can merge or split, often giving rise to some reports, the impression that they are intelligently controlled (see also para 15 below). (j) Between lights in a cluster there is the appearance of blackness in outline. Three lights, for example, give the appearance of a solid triangle and this is an effect - the brain will interpret what it sees clearly seen as 'blacker' than the background in absolute absence of light. (k) Lights may move towards a witness when approached. 10-4 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED (l) Lights seem to be attracted (frequency of occurrence is apparently higher) near to: - Mountain peaks, quarries, rock ridges, caves and mines. (20 cases of sightings in the 1920's era in Chipping Norton area of Oxfordshire and in limestone quarries of Banbury e.g. 1923). - Power lines, transmitter towers. - Water. - Areas of mineral deposits. (m) In daylight they appear as 'metallic' discs, hazy glows or haloes or 'cloudy cigar shapes', but colours have been reported, mainly an amber-yellow and white; with rapid colour changes. When red is reported the core is often described as red. A well reported example appeared on the Fakenham-Norwich road in 1908, lasted 20 minutes, had a red core and was 50- 60ft high. (n) Low-level seismic activity is apparently necessary. (o) The phenomenon appears to be 'weightless'. (p) Some can be seen on radar – others not. (see Working Paper 5 & Volume 3) SUMMARY 14. Some comments can be made about the long list of earthlight attributes above. (a) Electroluminescence is understood to be the release of luminous energy from rock when electrons move from higher to lower energy levels due to friction. (b) Fault lines and 'ley lines' often coincide, as do the ancient buildings (stone circles, religious sites (often Christian churches, built over former Satanic worship sites, etc.) EARTHLIGHT REACTION 15. It is noted (at para 8-Hessdalens) that the earthlights reacted when remotely irradiated with a laser. (No further information is available, as the Hessdalen report is still in the process of being published. It is of interest, however, that a Ship's Captain (in the Baltic Sea) claimed (in 1951) that earthlights were triggered 'on' by his ship's radar. The lights 'took the form of phosphorescent arcs which gyrated clockwise and anti-clockwise.' Working paper 8 & 9 on 'SPRITES' considers this phenomenon further. HISTORICAL 16. It is of interest that the phenomena of earthlights has been observed for, perhaps, thousands of years. In medieval and Victorian times these were variously described as 'Spook Lights', 'Luminous Vapours', 'Fairy Lights' (Ireland), 'Fireball Spirits', 'Kitty Candlestick', 'Ignus Fatuus', 'Jack-o'- Lantern', 'Boggarts', 'Dragons', 'Will-o'-the- Wisp', 'Corpse Candles' and 'Orbs' (Windsor Castle early 1990s). It remains likely that what is seen becomes matched to the understanding of the day. What was once a simple type of 10-5 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED misunderstood apparition, becomes a space- craft or similar 20th Century-related technology entity. They were frequently connected with swampy or marshy conditions on the one hand and described as having a yellow core, violet edges and sometimes red. More recently some have been attributed as being methane-based (CH4) with a trigger of P2 H2 (hydrogen phosphide). 17. As a sample of the pedigree of what is reported today, much further back (AD 584) brilliant rays of light which seemed to collide were reported and (in AD 583) 'rays' or 'domes' were observed in France. On 3 August, AD 989, three brilliant round objects were seen to join together. A fire breathing dragon came out of the sea. In Japan a 'spinning ball of fire like a red wheel hovered' – with many witnesses. While from the terrace of Windsor Castle on 18 August 1783 four eminent scientists (including Fellows of the Royal Society) observed and reported (Philosophical Trans. Royal Soc 1784) an object which hovered, moved, changed luminosity and changed shape, brightened and finally exploded (This, in fact was probably ball lightning rather than an earthlight). Other historical earthlight arenas (which will be relevant when a database analysis is done for the present day) are: - Llwndeb, Barmouth and Harloch (see Ley Line/Fault Line map) and Llangolan. ( 40 mile wide strip). - Haverfornwest, St. Brides Bay, Milford Haven, 'Stack Rocks'. - Colwyn Bay to Shotton (24km wide extension island). - Denbigh (e.g. 1979 and 1984). 18. During the Second World War what were (now understood) clearly earthlights were reported by Commander-in-Chief Devonport. In 1915 Naval Intelligence investigated earthlights in the Isle of German Bight (?) both in the Warminster and Dartmoor areas and further displays are recorded in 1981 at the Standing Stones of Drizzlecombe. Similar phenomena are reported in the USA. These are often reported for several days, weeks or months in a particular area – after which they are not seen again, perhaps for years. 19. It appears that there may be more than one type earthlight since medieval minors were well aware that their interest in the phenomena was the proximity of earthlights to copper and iron ore. GEOLOGICAL 20. As an aid to the statistical analysis of locations of UAP reports, Figure 8 shows the geological structure of the UK. This may be required if it becomes necessary to: - Isolate what are believed to be earthlights to specific geographic and geological locations and types of rock formation. - Further correlate (and thus eliminate those UAPs) with rock types known to produce earthlights when under seismic stress, (as it is suggested that low magnitude seismic disturbance may be sufficient to provide the conditions for light phenomena). 21 Fault Systems. There are several Earth Fault Systems which cross the United Kingdom. The location of these is shown for the whole country (known as the DENT Fault System) at Figure 9. 10-6 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] "Flying Saucers & the Straight Lines Mystery Criterion" Michal Aires 1958. [2] Ley Lines in Question" Williamson & Bellamy ISBN 0437-15205-8. [3] The View over Atlantis" J. Mitchell SAGO Press 1969. 10-7 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED SECRET
UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED [PHOTOGRAPH: Two orange/reddish lights against dark background] FIGURE 1: UK EARTHLIGHTS (OR POSSIBLY BALL LIGHTNING) NOTE: Location Carismas Moor, Skipton, Yorks; police photograph (copyright Sgt. Anthony Dodd) [PHOTOGRAPHS: Two images side by side showing amber light against dark background] FIGURE 2: PROBABLE UK EARTHLIGHT (OR PLASMA/AEROSOL OR CHARGED PARTICLE VORTICE) NOTE: location Rossendale, Lancs. (copyright David Milner) 10-8 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [PHOTOGRAPH: Red/orange glowing object against black background] FIGURE 3: TRIBOLUMINESCENCE NOTE: Laboratory-produce as a result of rock crystal fracture (copyright P. Devereux) 10-9 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED SECRET
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [PHOTOGRAPH: Three reddish/orange objects of varying sizes against black background] FIGURE 4: EARTHLIGHTS 10-10 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED SECRET
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [MAP: Outline map of the United Kingdom with earthlight locations marked as stars] L. Carloway Berbecula Latheronwheel Garvie Bay Garroch Bay Oban area Llanbedr Barmouth St. Brides Bay area FIGURE 5: UK EARTHLIGHTS LOCATIONS (P. DEVEREUX) NOTE: Frequent earthlight reporting areas shown as stars. Larger stars indicate greater frequency of sightings. 10-11 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED SECRET [DIAGRAM: Cross-section showing fault lines near Warminster] Warminster Cley Hill Warminster Fault Longbeat Fault FIGURE 6(a): CLEY HILL FAULT-LINE (NEAR WARMINSTER) (P. DEVEREUX) [DIAGRAM: Map showing earthlight ball/ball lighting course with dotted track line] FIGURE 6(b): EARTHLIGHT BALL/BALL LIGHTING COURSE (P. DEVEREUX) NOTE: 1984 Wrexham to Thackley (near Shipley). Boldines solid, phenomena track dotted. 10-12 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [MAP: Coastal map of Barmouth-Harlech area, Wales, with fault lines and earthlight locations marked] Pontlleurfa HARLECH Llanfair Pensarn Dolfrey Ardudwy Llyns Aardudwy Egrin Chapel Bondeldu ● Barmouth BARMOUTH FIGURE 6(c): FAULTLINE BARMOUTH-HARLECH, WALES NOTE: Particular earthlight activity 1984-5 and since. 10-13 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [MAP: Sketch map of the Pennines region showing earthlight zones] AREA 6 LEVBURN AREA 5 CLITHEROE PENDLE BLACKBURN BURNLEY KEIGHLEY ILKLEY SHIPLEY LEEDS AREA 4 BRADFORD HALIFAX HUDDERSFIELD WAKEFIELD AREA 3 OLDHAM MANCHESTER Devil's Chair Lowden Fell SHEFFIELD [ILLEGIBLE] FIGURE 7: 'PROJECT PENNINE' EARTHLIGHT LOCATIONS NOTE: A simplified sketch map of the area of the Pennines found by Project Pennine to harbour zones of repeated earthlight activity. 10-14 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [MAP: Geological map of United Kingdom - northern section (Scotland and northern England), colour-coded by rock type] I S H S E A FIGURE 8: Geological Structure of UK 10-15 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED [MAP: Geological map of United Kingdom - southern section (England and Wales), colour-coded by rock type] ENGLISH CHANNEL 10-16 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [MAP: Geological map continuation - additional section, colour-coded by rock type] [ILLEGIBLE] 10-17 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED SECRET
UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED INDEX [LEGEND: Colour-coded geological map key with rock type descriptions] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] Note: the dot only specifies deposits for symbol [ILLEGIBLE] 10-18 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
[MAP: Tectonic and fault system map of UK and surrounding North Atlantic region]
LAURENTIAN GREENLAND SHIELD
0 KM 1000
MARITIME PROVINCES
[Map labels include: CALEDONIAN ZONE, HATTON BANK, North Atlantic, Fenno-Scandian Province, Midlothian Terrane, GRABEN RIFTS, Wrench Faults, EAST MIDLANDS PLATFORM, FSS, DFZ, CELTIC SEA, WESTERN APPROACHES]
FIGURE 9
KEY
AL- ALSTON BLOCK
AS -ASTRIGG BLOCK
DFZ- DENT FAULT ZONE
DHFZ - DOWSING HEWITT
FAULT ZONE
WNB -WEST
NETHERLANDS BASIN
FRACTURES
ILIGHTS
10-19
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED SECRET DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/250 WORKING PAPER NO. 11 COLLECTED IMAGERY AND CLASSIFICATION OF UAP SHAPES January 26, 2000 i XXXXXXXXXX S40 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
COLLECTED IMAGERY AND CLASSIFICATION OF UAP SHAPES
CONTENTS
1. The material in this section has been collected from a number of sources - news
reports, photography and video records. The sources are not limited to UK reports, as the
intention is to use the material as a reference/correlation catalogue and to hopefully use the
material as a filter to separate the explainable from the inexplicable, if possible. In some cases
– particularly since the advent of personal video cameras – the original material is in colour.
Shape and light colours (colours) are therefore the trigger which identify the end results in
incident reports. Shapes have been generically categorised as follows:
- SPHERES (Includes 'BOLS' and multiple Figures 1 – 7
spherical lights)
- DISCS (Only circular in plan – and thus, on Figures 8 to
frequent occasions from different 28.
aspects, the same event may be
described by other witnesses as
'balls' or spheres)
- CIGAR These have a larger mid-chord than Figure 29
discs and tend towards 'long airship'
shapes, with much less 'sharp' ends
than discs
- STAR/POINT Seen as balls of light, with the star -
effect due to atmospheric optics
- OVAL Described as a variant of 'discs', but -
with a wider mid-chord and without
(the sharpness of 'cigars')
- TRIANGLE/PYRAMID/CONE/ The outline shape is formed, not by a Figures30 to
RECTANGLE/CYLINDER solid object, although not a simple 35
outline – but by three or more coloured
lights at its extremities, forming the
'corners'. A cylinder is often
described which is, in fact, formed by
a row of lights (balls). A vertically
oriented cylinder is sometimes seen –
see Working Papers No 21 and 24
11-1
UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIEDUK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
- RECTANGLE/DIAMOND As for Figures 30 – 35, but where the As for
flying angle changes the lighting to Figures 30-
form diamond/rhomboid patterns 35
- BOOMERANG/ARC Figure 36
As can be seen (Vol. 1 Tables 1 and 2) certain combinations of shapes and lights can be
attributed to definite causes. Shapes and lights are the initial key to filtering the known from
the inexplicable. Little is gained in analysis of purely descriptive unknown shapes and lights
reports unless further information, such as imagery, correlation from multiple witnesses, or
data from which to obtain angles, sizes, sounds, smells, or velocities is available.
For the purposes of the database it was necessary to identify the whole range of shapes
frequently reported. It is of course inevitable that these are due to a whole range of different
underlying phenomena, described in the other working papers in this Volume.
11-2
UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIEDUK RESTRICTED SPHERES 08:53:07 | a ah vi i, F t E FIGURE 1: SPHERES 11-3 UK RESTRICTED Che epee
« UK RESTRICTED FIGURE 2: KENT UK, SEPTEMBER 17-20 1993 11-4 ree UK RESTRICTED
11.) AGEQRBTA b= er UK RESTRICTED ; FIGURE 3: MEXICO POLICE PHOTOGRAPH ™ (JULY 1991) Note [1] Four police officers at range ~5O0 yards. Some lens distortion. 11-5 UK RESTRICTED ee % wool * Py
UK RESTRICTED : FIGURE 4: LOWESTOFT 1997 11-6 UK RESTRICTED
ee A a e a ied & af T ee : =) | UK RESTRICTED | | a deg Ste A oe AP ae earl ea yee rs seg Ei lt er ae ee ere ka oT Sake Sai teh Shas bee eat We em PSN Le Ma ee Peg peer y ie edie, |i er Eg of aes Rey tats Wie Reg NE Ey gor ees De oF on Bra Ma Ae ne aD sae Sr Pa ong eta i. ees + Ce bet Sate het) Poe eae SEE melhor ae re ad i a i We re ee Pole. Pisa Deas TiS Tag et 11-7 7 's 7
DTN 5 ey rm i UK RESTRICTED i | w z wy i - ae : —" z i Poe FIGURE 6: FRANCE 1974 & 11-8 i UK RESTRICTED S
{ UK RESTRICTED ;
= - a [ae
FIGURE 7: AIR-TO-AIR UAP
11-9
j UK RESTRICTED
|= i chtand a4 dans - jy ll DISCS Ee eal all le ee a ey a a ee a a ee ee FIGURE 8: LAKE CONISTON ENGLAND 1954 FIGURE 9; JAPAN 1958 11-10 ' UK RESTRICTED
UK RESTRICTED * FIGURE 9: AUSTRALIA 1972 11-11 UKRESTRICTED =
li cepiach i UK RESTRICTED ; | oe" he i ' \ \ baat Nic FIGURE 10; AUSTRIA 1971 FIGURE 11: OREGON USA 1950 11-12 UK RESTRICTED |
UK RESTRICTED ; 'ww i W of Lome ee ed ee -_ cd — FIGURE 12: 1958 SOUTH ATLANTIC (BRAZILIAN NAVY) ; " —_? FIGURE 13: USA 1952 11-13 UK RESTRICTED } 3 Pe he . os aad ;
| SF 7 2 5 i ™, UK RESTRICTED ' 'ts - FIGURE 14: ual 'Sala ae ee ater Tiebeag e 8 pet oe Tyee Mata ess oi igl RaNR oe o ogted aera Oe 5 aa Cate ae 9F-] fiber tei aah as a ic rs ee ad Cee ae ¥ k 4 FIGURE 15: 11-14 CONDIGN i |
and Ne i. : € ahi ) & | Gee fad light FIGURE 16: POLICE SKETCH 26 APRIL 1984 UK 11-15
t RESTRICTED wi YY / : sd FIGURE 17: SILVER DISC (20-30 FEET DIAMETER) 1993 11-16 ay UK RESTRICTED ;
INC SSRRED I CI = ! ges Es HT econ, | RR ee ill ey eae eee a He. oa. ae glee NA Sie He fgets be ae tase Sa eee ee Sec fT RAS 5. ae 4 gan as Bee bitte "3 tebe cet. 2S ec 1, as aoe AADC Eee EUSA EE gl ss Pecan Teeenpr | SIM p ARR ol oer | FIGURE 18: PERU 11-17 PIRIAL AAAITE=@ es a | . 1
a se ele a UK RESTRICTED |. FIGURE 19(a): OPEN SKIES - CLOSED MINDS [N. POPE] ' ry z Py * . | » # = '+ : - a @ el a0 "e * = _ ba » * FIGURE 19(b): OPEN SKIES - CLOSED MINDS [N. POPE] 11-18 UK RESTRICTED ]
U UK RESTRICTED \ FIGURE 20: JAPAN (TOKYO) SEPTEMBER 1986"! Note [1] Sixteen witness event for 25 minutes 180 miles North of Tokyo. Appeared to rotate. 11-19 | | \ UK RESTRICTED }
| IATIORG Pie | rie i i UK RESTRICTED rr" FIGURE 21: ARGENTINA - LAKE BARILOCHE (~1978) 11-20 ; UK RESTRICTED '
ii UK RESTRICTED , FIGURE 22: CANADA - VANCOUVER ISLAND 1981 11-21 a a : a , UK RESTRICTED rs
i j , f [a ) a INF/SEORE a VWJied beetii bi ir aes i Ge ee Ne cee ee ea eae. ae OE a eee CORES ee a ee ee ee ae eer. Se i ee i ea bac Rete ae Se et a FIGURE 23: OREGON 1966 Pe SO RU See cca aioe sae aestuarii ssn as Senor eh oe AS SOAR Se URE EGRESS SS pennies neste incerta (a a eae ee es | OSS SSE Ea FIGURE 24: MALAYSLA 1966 11-22 BEa@axAL —_ ge \ ieee ies |) | Ukkestriérep = ie | t. iv GL EAT, at I ue? lees fas?
SECRET UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED FIGURE 25: SPANISH AIR FORCE 1976 FIGURE 26: DENMARK 1974 11-23 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED FIGURE 27: MEXICO (RESPECTIVELY MARCH AND JUNE 1992) 11-24 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED FIGURE 28: ROCHDALE LANCS., 1975 11-25 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED 'CIGAR' TYPES FIGURE 29: 'CIGAR' TYPE 11-26 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED TRIANGLES 08:58:32 FIGURE 30: TRIANGLES/PYRAMID/CONES 11-27 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED FIGURE 31: BELGIUM LOCATION EUPEN (2 SECOND AT ZOOM SETTING 100-150MM AT F4) 30-31 MARCH 1979 11-28 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED FIGURE 32: BELGIUM (AS FIGURE.. ABOVE. BLUE FILTER ENHANCEMENT REVEALED UNDERLYING TRIANGULAR SHAPE (ALL OF WHICH IS VISIBLE ON ORIGINAL) 11-29 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED FIGURE 33: SOVIET UNION - LOCATION ZAGRESK MARCH 1990 (NOTE UNDERLYING EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE) 11-30 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED FIGURE 34: VIDEO FRAME - BELGIUM 31 MARCH 1990 11-31 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
/\
/ \
/ • \
/______\
300 - 800 ft.
FIGURE 35: SHAPE UK, RUSSIA, BELGIUM
11-32
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETSECRET UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED BOOMERANG/ARC FIGURE 36: 11-33 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 12
EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE UKADR
Para Page
INTRODUCTION 1 12-1
FIELD MEASUREMENTS 2 12-1
Field Intensity 3 12-1
Field Angles 4 12-1
Local Variations 6 12-1
UNITED KINGDOM MAGNETIC SURVEY 7 12-1
COMPARISON WITH MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS 8 12-2
January 26, 2000 i XXXXXXXXXX S.40
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE UKADR
INTRODUCTION
1. Earth's magnetic field has been
briefly researched because of:
- The possible connection of
field strength with UAP
events.
- As a comparison with the
magnetic field strengths
used during the magnetic
field experiments reported
at Working Paper No 25.
FIELD MEASUREMENTS
2. Over the period 1987-95 eight
international stations, comprising a Sub-
Auroral Magnetometer Network
(SAMNET) monitored the changes every
five seconds. Earth's internal magnetic
field changes only slowly in direction and
magnitude, but there are also magnetic
effects due to the flow of charged particles
in the upper reaches of the atmosphere (the
ionosphere) and in space. Day plots have
been taken every 1 second, since 1995.
Each station records the magnetic field in
three orthogonal directions. The stations
cover the UK, Sweden, Norway, Finland
and the Faroe Islands.
3. Field Intensity The magnetic field
is calculated (in Nano Teslas) from the
International Geomagnetic Reference Field
(IGRF). The total intensity in the UK is
49,000 to 50,000 nT (1nT = 1ɣ). Changes
in intensity are ~30nT per year. The
horizontal component of the field is about
20,000 nT in Southern UK and 15,000 nT
in Northern UK.
4. Field Angles The field inclination
angle is ~70° with typical changes of one
to two minutes (of angle) per year. For
epoch 1970 the declination angle is
between -6 and -12 degrees, with changes
of ~6 minutes of angle per year.
5. The North magnetic pole is
migrating NW by 9km per year (79.1°N
28.9°E). For the chart shown at Figure, the
1ɣ = 10^-5 Gauss = 10^-9 T = 1nT. The
plotted readings show no sudden or
unexplained variations but rather a steady
decline in magnetic intensity level over the
50 to 60°N lines of latitude straddling most
of the UKADR.
6. Local Variations No information
is available on small variations which may
occur in specific locations. Particularly, no
field peculiarities are present in the main
plots to indicate the possibility of
influencing geographical clustering of UAP
reports.
UNITED KINGDOM MAGNETIC
SURVEY
7. Data gathered nationally by a
network of 51 stations (survey points),
established between 1985 and 1988, allow
local (crustal) magnetic variations to be
monitored. Global models accurately
represent the main part of the geo-
magnetic field, originating in the earth's
core. At the surface there are
perturbations caused by magnetised rocks
and electric currents in the ionosphere and
12-1
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED atmosphere. While there are errors which are superimposed on the global model, in the UAP context it is just possible that the high density measurements of field strengths in certain areas may contribute either singly or in combination with other factors to produce UAP. The associated solar phenomena (solar flux and sun-spots) are considered at Working Paper No 16. [1] British Geological Survey, Edinburgh [2] Persinger is Referenced at Working Paper No 25 which describes the results of his experiments on the human response to modulated magnetic fields, which are of prime importance to the overall findings of this study. COMPARISON WITH MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS 8. A comparison of the national UK magnetic values at Working Paper No 25 with those used by Persinger and others, in their medical experiments, has shown that the key difference between the experimental field which produces human responses and descriptions of experiences surprisingly like those of close encounter UFO/UAP reports, are those of modulation. It is noted that the modulated experimental values used by Persinger, and which cause the surprising effects on humans, are only about 1/500 of the steady field level experienced daily in the UK. 12-2 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
[Map/chart image]
FIGURE 1: INTERNATIONAL GEOMAGNETIC REFERENCE FIELD FOR UKADR
Notes: - Solid lines are total intensity (in Gammas, where 1ɣ = 1nT).
- Dashed lines are secular changes (gammas per year).
12-3
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETSECRET
UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 13
VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL AND OTHER NATURAL ATMOSPHERIC
PHENOMENA
Para Page
LENTICULAR CLOUDS 2 13-1
MAMMA 6 13-1
NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS 7 13-1
MOTHER OF PEARL CLOUDS 8 13-2
DUST DEVILS, TORNADOES & WATER SPOUTS 9 13-2
CONDENSATION AND DISSIPATION TRAILS 10 13-3
GLORY/CORONAS 11 13-3
HALOS & ARCS 12 13-3
SUN DOGS 13 13-4
ST. ELMO'S FIRE 14 13-4
BIRDS 15 13-4
MOTHS 16 13-5
SOLAR RADIATION 17 13-5
SUN PILLARS & LIGHT PILLARS 20 13-5
February 1, 2000 i XXXXXXXXX S.40
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL AND
OTHER NATURAL ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA
1. This paper briefly investigates a
number of additional atmospheric visual
phenomena, mainly meteorological, which
can give rise to UAP reports because they
are unfamiliar to most witnesses:
- Lenticular clouds
- Dust Devils
- Moon and Sun
'Dogs'
- Aurora
- Twisters
- Ice Clouds
- Glory/Corona
- Condensation Trails
and Distrails
- Halos
- Mother of Pearl
Clouds
- Mamma
- Noctilucent clouds
LENTICULAR CLOUDS
2. Examples of lenticular, disc-like
(Lenticularis) clouds are shown at Figures 7
to 9. These are clouds which are oval or
lens-shaped. No further explanation is
required to show that they can easily be
visually mistaken for, or can filter
through into reports of disc-shaped
'UFOs'. Key factors in the filtering process
must be:
- They are usually visible
using reflected light (e.g.
ambient daylight or
moonlight), but on some
occasions they may be seen
in silhouette as disc shapes.
- Lenticular clouds have no
inherent glow (other than
natural external
illumination).
- They will either appear to be
stationary (dependent on
geometry) or move slowly
(at wind rate).
- They will not manoeuvre.
- Conditions to climb are rare
(e.g. through or close to
external agency) conditions
are present.
4. Lenticular clouds often form:
- Over hills
13-1
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
- At the top of cumulus clouds
to form a 'cap-cloud'
(pileous cloud).
- With a 'metallic grey'
colour.
4. If cumulus cloud below a cap-cloud
evaporates or disperses the lenticular cap
can descend (sink). They can remain poised
or slowly wavering above hills. Lenticular
effects can form with several basic cloud
types, e.g. Altocumulus Lenticularis,
Cumulus Pileus, Stratus-Cumulus
Lenticularis etc.
5. Some photographs ( for example, at
Figure 2) show that lenticularis clouds (or
'wave clouds') can appear as billows (i.e.
ovals/lens-shaped discs with a hole in the
centre) and also with laminated appearance.
Pileous laminations occur when humid
layers are sandwiched between dry air
layers. At Figure 5 little imagination is
required to describe 'a dome on top'.
When the top of a wave-cloud is 'bow-
shaped' and smooth this usually indicates
that the air above is stable and dry. The
size of lenticularis clouds may extend for
kilometres. However, in particular, ice
particles with pyramidal ends are suspected
of producing bright arcs of diffraction at
odd radius halos. It should be noted that
some effects can be related to the
polarisation of observers' sun-glasses!
MAMMA
6. These protuberances occur when
small-scale convection changes cause
portions of cloud to sink in clear air below a
cloud formation. The sinking elements mix
with the clear air and usually evaporate.
However, if they contain rain or snow
crystals, the shapes shown at Figure 6 can
occur. These particularly occur below the
13-2
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTEDUK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED thick clouds associated with thunderstorms. Mamma can also occur at the lower ends of cirrus cloud formations. NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS 7. Noctilucent clouds have the appearance of decayed cirrus but are typically at 80Km altitude in the mesosphere. They can shine for an hour or so after sunset but they are not seen if the sun is above the horizon. If the sun is more than ~10° below the horizon noctilucent effects are not seen. Noctilucent noctilucent clouds appear between May and August at latitudes 50°-70°N. (This includes the UKADR.) It is reported that these may be caused by dust particles which catch the lower stratosphere during unique atmospheric dust due to dust produced in the solar system by collisions among minor planets. Noctilucent effects can also be caused by terrestrial-based light sources shining on the underside of disc-shaped or laminar clouds. Noctilucent clouds are the highest clouds in the atmosphere. MOTHER OF PEARL CLOUDS 8. 'Mother of Pearl' (or nacreous) clouds (Figure 9) are rare but can be seen typically at 80Km outside November and March. They have iridescent bands of colour. One possible sky is a corona (limiting the time of occurrence). They occur only at altitudes of the order 22- 30Km and probably comprise super-cooled droplets with ice crystals. DUST DEVILS, TORNADOES & WATER SPOUTS 9. These occur in unstable layers of dry air over hot ground. They are visible because of the dust (which may rotate in triangular formation). Because no sound may be heard this increases the likelihood of an unwary observer, who may only see the birds for a few seconds as they wheel, producing a brief visual sensation. A bright sunlight seagulls have high reflectivity. The specular reflection from the body reported by some radar observers can make it a bird as the bright flash obscures the wings. Clusters of sightings tend to occur in areas of 'greatest watchfulness' - for example near airfields and population centres. The radar echoing area (i.e. RCS) of birds is 13-4 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED
UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED angle) is said to be 22°. Halos from the sun can be either above or below the horizon. Halo activity is persistent and is known to many of the public, however it results in some UAP reports. Over a 40 year period (Netherlands) it was noted that average halo conditions existed for 227 days of the year, peaking in 1972, when 300 days were recorded. 13. On other days conditions existed for both circular and non-circular events. Halo Arcs occur in solar elevations and are caused by pyramidal crystals and occur when they fall through the air with certain axes vertically orientated. Halo rings of unusual radii can be predicted when the faces are not in random orientation. From those in random orientation six concentric odd-radii halos should result at 18.3, 19.9, 22.9, and 23.8 degrees. Each of these six halo types has been imaged this century, but most of the 12 (yet undiscovered) forms are, at most solar elevations, completely below the horizon and thus only visible from airborne platforms in cool climates. The 12 halos divide into 32 individual arcs in the sky, of which only ten, so far, have been photographed. Halos still escape a complete understanding. In particular, ice particles with pyramidal ends are suspected of producing bright arcs of diffraction at odd radius halos. It should be noted that some effects can be related to the polarisation of observers' sun-glasses! Although the photograph at Figure 13 is artificially produced (a Halo light passing through a single vertically orientated hexagonal ice crystal (the periodic spots shown are the actual projection on a wall), it is noted that these shapes are markedly similar to some UAP reports where 'multiple balls' are described. SUN DOGS 14. A 'sun dog' (parhelion) is a mock sun, a parhelion (See also para 20 and Figure 14) ST. ELMO's FIRE 15. This is commonly mis-identified as ball (or bead) lightning. It has been reported for hundreds of years and is a corona discharge from a 'grounded' point in a strong electric field, hence, it is usually observed as a glowing object hovering over an earthed object before or during a thunderstorm. It is commonly blue or blue- white in appearance and about the size of a large orange. However, much larger diameters - up to 30cm - have been seen. It decays (dimly, sometimes slowly and sometimes quickly), with a lifetime of (usually) many seconds, which may extend to minutes. A characteristic distinction between St. Elmo's Fire and Ball/Bead lighting is that the latter has motion. The exception is when St. Elmo's Fire moves along a conductor. BIRDS 15. Small flocks of birds (e.g. gulls) can be reported at night as UAP due to their reflective under-bellies can be seen in triangular formation. Because no sound may be heard this increases the likelihood of an unwary observer, who may only see the birds for a few seconds as they wheel, producing a brief visual sensation. A bright sunlight seagulls have high reflectivity. The specular reflection from the body reported by some radar observers can make it a bird as the bright flash obscures the wings. Clusters of sightings tend to occur in areas of 'greatest watchfulness' - for example near airfields and population centres. The radar echoing area (i.e. RCS) of birds is 13-4 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
TT SECRET Pipi wi briefly considered at Volume 3 as a source of radar false alarms in the UAP context Certain areas of the UKADR' (e.g. breeding areas) are prone to the presence of birds concentrations, shown at Figures 10 to 13, and are therefore more likely to be areas where UAP are mis-reported. MOTHS 16, Clouds of large moths, usually in some country areas, can briefly reflect light and appear as a 'vehicle'. Swarms of spruce budworm moths are said to be luminous SOLAR RADIATION 17. LAZAREV, ? writing in the Journal of Optical Technology, explains the 'outbreak in Flying Saucers' (in Brazil and S.Africa) by "atmospheric optical phenomena which manifest themselves especially distinctively at twilight, near the visible horizon of the earth" 18. It is claimed that this is associated with the increase of optically active air mass, coincident with sharp reduction of the brightness of the atmosphere combined with the enhanced contrast of the phenomenon against the twilight background. In particular (in the locations mentioned above) these formations were observed over volcanic areas and faded after a time. This is attributed to Fresnel reflection from clouds of heated gases (air, CO:, water vapour, volcanic sulphurous gases, aerosols etc.). Sometimes these ring-like formations were observed for several minutes, 19. Lazarev has also reported the entry of a snowball core (of a minicomet) into the atmosphere (26 September, 1990) and possibly again on 20 June, 1992 (at the PINAL 1) UK RESTRICTED | * D U1 \ GREE 'UK RESTRICTED: : D MIR orbital complex). The frequency of occurrence of cores of minicomets into the earth's atmosphere (observed from space- station MIR) is assessed at ~20 per minute SUN PILLARS & LIGHT PILLARS 20. A vertical column of light can sometimes be seen either below or above the sun, usually when the sun is at low elevation angles. Sun pillars are produced when correctly orientated ice crystals reflect sunlight or when hexagonal columnar ice crystals fall through the air with their long axes orientated horizontally. Example Sun Pillars and Sun Dogs are shown at Figures 14to 16. Light Pillars are similarly formed from strong light sources other than the sun, Itis possible to observe Light Pillars which do not reach to the ground - another source of UAP activity with 'searchlights? beaming downwards * UK Military Low Flying Handbook (NATO Restricted) Edition 82 Dec, 1997. ? A I Lazarev, State Optical Institute, All Russia Scientific Centre, St Petersburgh 1997, 13-5
1 roa @eUne =
CONDIGN of
FIGURE 2: LENTICULAR CLOUD [1]
[1] "Cloud Study". Ludlam and Scorer, Muray 1960
13-6
Cis
CONDIGN o
{ UK RESTRICTED
act: LENTICULAR CLOUD FIGURE 4: LENTICULAR CLOUD 13-7 ae = | UK RESTRICTED r) Ul eB LJ
Ineo - UK RESTRICTED a FIGURE 5: PILEOUS LAMINATED CLOUD [1] RS. Score FIGURE 6: MAMMA [1] 13-8 UK RESTRICTED r\ a
UK RESTRICTED D J. €. Tinker FIGURE 7(a): GLORY [1] FIGURE 7 (b): LIGHT PATH FIGURE 7(c): TOROID 13-9 UK RESTRICTED esos a
FIGURE 8: ROTOR CLOUD UK [1] FIGURE 9: 'MOTHER OF PEARL' 13-10 UK RESTRICTED. eo" ]
1h | ABEORET =F U UK RESTRICTED D FIGURE 10: BIRD CONCENTRATION AREAS(Aug-Feb) 13-11 l UK RESTRICTED | ele aln a
| INTSRORET = L UK RESTRICTED D) FIGURE 11: BIRD CONCENTRATION AREAS (Mar-Jul) 13-12 | UK RESTRICTED |! ' \SeGH
FIGURE 12: MAJOR SEABIRD AREAS -SCOTLAND. 13-13 [iA nai l UIREST RA TED D
| UK RESTRICTED aa | FIGURE 13: SEVEN SOLAR IMAGES FROM ICE CRYSTAL FIGURE 14: SUN PILLAR & SUN DOG (R GREENLER) 13-14 reac UK RESTRICTED )
Se . UK RESTRICTED at ae . FIGURE 16: LIGHT PILLAR (P PARVIAINEN) 13-15 UK RESTRICTED ]
'SECR wt UK RESTRICTED ) DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00, WORKING PAPER NO. 14 METEOROLOGICAL BALLOONS Para Page Radiosonde Launch Sites a AG Size and Shape 3. ag Location 4 14d January 26, 2000 -i- XXXXKKXXKK S.40 UK RESTRICTED re
| "A Was 3 Wi METEOROLOGICAL BALLOONS 1. A probable cause of UAP reports which must be considered is that of radiosondes and their lifting balloons 2. Radiosonde Launch Sites There are eight operational upper air stations in the United Kingdom, just part of a world wide network of some 900. The stations in the UK 'release helium- or hydrogen-filled balloons four times a day at midnight, midday, six o'clock in the moming and evening. The transmitter, (the proper name is a radiosonde), sends back information about the temperature, pressure and the water content of the upper atmosphere Wind speed and direction may also determine, either by using a NAVAID system or in some cases, the balloon and radiosonde are followed by radar. The distance the balloons travel away from the launch site is dependent on the wind strength, but they will quite readily reach a height of up to 15 miles (about 80,0008) above the ground before they burst. The equipment descends on a small parachute. 3. Size and Shape The Meteorological Office currently useS balloons which are spherical and 1.5 to 2m in diameter at launch. The actual radiosonde is suspended some 30m beneath the balloon and, for visual purposes, can be ignored 4, Location The location of radiosondes, con their lifting balloons, is known from LORAN C: and could be used to eliminate suspected UAP mis-reporting '5. The location of the release points in the United Kingdom are shown at Figure 1 The incidence of mis-reported radiosondes as "UAPS" is likely to be higher in the vicinity of these launch sites. UK RESTRICTED 14-1 UK RESTRICTED | | \ereHeR -D
UK RESTRICTED 3] A LERWICK OPERATIONAL, fal STATIONS ee ent omg uoate 24 nur @ RANGE STATIONS (Peron oes se 'do toque WEN "~~ —NHEMSBY- pore ce Brize Norton. *eeape a SHOEBURYNESS aie HERSTMONCEUX a oe FIGURE 14-1 RADIOSONDE LAUNCH SITES 14.2 . 1h Ties Bes UK RESTRICTED aol mY
Ww UK RESTRICTED wv, DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00 WORKING PAPER NO. 15 AIRSHIPS , HOT AIR & TETHERED BALLOONS Page Para Object Sizes 151 1 Report Incidence 15-1 2 Meteorological Balloons 15-1 3 Tethered Balloons 15-1 4 January 26, 2000 i XXXXXXKXXXX 8.40 UK RESTRICTED SEGRET
AIRSHIPS AND HOT AIR BALLOONS 1, Object Sizes Airships and hot air balloons are frequently mis-reported as UAPs, probably because their appearance in the UKADR is still relatively rare in some parts of the country, and the fact that they are at low altitude. However, ballooning is a growing sport and an increase in false alarms from this source can be expected Both UK-produced and imported balloons can be expected in UK airspace, including balloons of novel shapes (e.g. cylindrical). The situation is enhanced by the fact that balloons are often silent for long periods, and airship engines are relatively quiet. Table 1 shows a selection of typical parameters for airships. Balloon diameters are typically 22m with a height of 26m. The use of gas burners at night is a particular source of reports of 'glowing spheres', particularly in Southern England 2. Report Incidence If a number of design proposals proceed, the incidence of both cargo and passenger airships can be expected to increase, however, their appearance will still be relatively rare to most observers, compared with other familiar air-objects such as aircraft and gliders, 3. Meteorological Balloons These are described at Working Paper No 14 4. Tethered Balloons — While tethered balloons are less likely to be mis-identified as a UAP, by stationary observers, an observer in a moving vehicle may catch a glimpse of a tethered balloon in the appropriate weather and 1g conditons and submit an event report, In the UK, tethered balloons of up to 208 in diameter may fly up to 200% AGL, without tether streamers (the presence of streamers T TAY 15-1 Al Gd a= = . UK RESTRICTED i would almost certainly have eliminated many false reports). 5. It should, however, be noted that the presence of a tethered balloon may, in fact, attract an atmospheric UAP which is seeking an attracting electrical potential, since a charged mass of air may be attracted to the balloon or it's tether. 6. Tethered balloons may remain in one position for up to 10 days UK RESTRICTED ig Sonper.
JR ISBGnEY RESTRICTED D Length (m) Diameter (m) Height (m)" Skyship P600 59 16 20 USA 7 35 6.77 USA 39 10 - USA 2s 8 Z USA 675 167 202 COLT 34 125 eS UK 30 n - GERMANY 68 4 - TABLE 1 EXAMPLE BALLOON DIMENSIONS Note [1] Including Gondola 15-2
| IA ~) a RESTRICTED ) Figure 1 Design Drawing for the DKBA-800 Passenger/Cargo Airship 15-3 PIRTAY L RESTRICTED |
UK RESTRICTED DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00 WORKING PAPER NO. 16 SUNSPOT, AURORA AND SEISMIC CORRELATION Para Page SUNSPOT, AURORA AND SEISMIC CORRELATION Solar Cycle Oa Auroral Phenomena S164 CORRELATION OF UAP EVENTS WITH SEISMIC ACTIVITY 6 16-2 TECTONIC ELEMENTS OF THE UK 8 16-2 January 26, 2000 i XXKKK XX KKX S.40 UK RESTRICTED — J
SUNSPOT, AURORA AND SEISMIC CORRELATION i Solar Cycle At the commencement of the UAP study it was recognised that the UAP enigma, which has apparently been present in some form for recorded history, might be due to a simple natural explanation. However, itis only in the last 50 years that an increasingly large number of UAP sightings have been recorded. While it was recognised that the phenomenon may eventually be shown to be due to a combination of natural events, rather than a single cause, the solar cycle is cone of the more obvious candidates for investigation. The frequency of occurrence of UAP reports against Known earth phenomena, such as solar activity, has been checked. However, as this transient solar phenomenon repeats in an eleven (~11.4) year cycle, long- 'term statistical comparison will not be possible unless a very large spread of UAP events are centered into the database and, clearly, it would not be viable, purely in the interests of Defence Intelligence, to do 0. Investigations, reported in Volume 1 of the Study, were necessarily limited to monthly comparisons taken over a year. No direct correlation was found for solar flux or sunspot number. This does not mean that, in the future, there will not be shown to bbe some weak correlation, connection or contribution, when taken together with other natural effects 2. One of the reasons for considering sunspot correlation is because the cycle seems to derive from a more fundamental 23 year magnetic periodicity on the sun and, it has been suggested, in some quarters, that UAP and magnetic activity are connected in some way on the earth The solar magnetic cycle has a period approximately twice that of sunspot (flare) activity. The electromagnetic emissions from the sun vary in power, penetrating power, degree of fluctuation and intensity distribution over the earth. The direct effects of electromagnetic radiation are confined to the sun-lit hemisphere of the earth. During each new 11 year eycle the 16-1 'UK RESTRICTED SECRET | IK (SECRET- UK RESTRICTED IED polarity of the pattem of magnetic activity reverses 3. Within the 11/23 year cycle,solar surges appear (solar flares) which produce complex magnetic fields. Therefore, even to make correlations between the frequency of UAP reports and spurious magnetic activity will require at least several years of reports in the UAP database - or ideally, a filter to remove 'identifiable distractors, such as aircraft. Figures 2 to 4! show portion of the solar cycles 21-23. Cycle 21 started in June 1976, Cycle 22 in September 1986 and Cycle 23 (the current Cycle) in May 1996. It is clear that to carry out any meaningful statistical analysis a the dat for a lengthy period of UAP sighting reports is required, As an initial sample the daily measurements were obtained for the period 1986-1996 and used for correlation studies reported at Volume 1 4. Proof of the postulated UAP-solar connection may be difficult to confirm even if all the statistics were available because it must be remembered that UAP statistics will have been significantly skewed in the more recent decades by the addition of airships, aircraft, satellites, etc. to. the reasons for sightings (ie. man-made events) 5 Auroral Phenomena Magnetic and auroral phenomena (M-Region disturbance) occur 'at 27 day intervals over months or even years (Figure 1). These recurrent effects are most prevalent during the last three to four years of the 11 year cycle - unexpectedly when normal sunspot activity is low. The terrestrial effects are much less vigorous than the effects caused by flares, but they can last several days, reaching a peak when the carth is at its greatest distance above or below the plane of the sun's equator.
SECRET UK RESTRICTED CORRELATION OF UAP EVENTS WITH SEISMIC ACTIVITY 6. On the assumption that major luminous events are also connected with seismic activity, it should be possible to correlate this coincidence if enough UAP event evidence is available to compare with seismic records. The rationale for supposing that seismic (structural) strain causes luminescences is described (Working Paper No. 10). If this were a reliable guide then the onset of a key of UAP events could possibly be predicted? There are, however, several problems areas: - The number of UAP events which are clearly luminous/airlight-related, must first be separated from all other UAP sightings. - The UK land-mass suffers serious seismic activity only at a low rate but hundreds of low-magnitude events occur which must influence rock-stress conditions from day to day. - The UK distribution of probable 'earthlights' cannot be expected to be evenly spread because of the variability of the geological structure and sporadic reporting; as many of the rocky areas of the UK are in sparsely populated areas. 7. Persinger[9] has analysed luminosity events across (Six nations) using reports taken over a 100 year period (1820-1920), where it is shown that peak years of peak earthquake activity were also the same years of maximum UFO reporting. While this type of analysis could be made for the period for which the findings hold UAP reports (1987-1997), some of the early reports are limited in number and sparse in detail, and a more realistic exercise is to take a year sample (1987-1997), where the statistical value will be higher. Distinct UAP-Earthquake to Fault-line links were found with UAP, in a French investigation as long ago as 1960. It has already been established elsewhere in this study that UAP events may be due to many different effects, no possible cause must be ignored. TECTONIC ELEMENTS OF THE UK 8. As an aid to possible future analysis of UAP events, the UK earth-fault system has been briefly investigated. The most useful reference for this purpose is at [4]. A full database should enable UAP location correlations to be made with this fault map if seismic activity is the cause. It is assumed that if earthquakes are formed at or near fault positions they may travel some distance (e.g. 10km or more) before dissipating. Under some circumstances (e.g. attachment to a charged body such as an aircraft), they may travel much further, depending on air target velocity 9. The total annual release of energy in the world's earthquakes corresponds to up to 10⁴kW and although the largest earthquakes are responsible for most of the seismic release it is estimated that ~20,000 small quakes occur. A moderate earthquake generates ~10⁷ watts per sq km (particularly over large cities) No trigger mechanism has been discovered to predict earthquakes reliably (in which case this might explain the increasing incidence of UAP reports. Many events exhibit the property of 'dilatency' for example (with increase in volume during deformation). This, in turn, causes an increase in fractures and hence a change in resistivity/electrical conductivity, which, in turn, must affect the production of early luminous seismic movement and to be detected by animals in advance of human detection systems/instruments and a precursor to earthquakes). 16-2 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED 10 Commercial data is available (at a small cost) to support further investigations, if required. 11 SIDC Brussels at www.sidc.com/solar J Avental 1988 12 British Geological Survey, Edinburgh 13 Persinger M A 'Geographical Variables and Behaviour' Laurentian University Canada (1983) 14 Underhall J R, et al " The Dent Fault System……" Journal of the Geographical Society, London Vol 145 (1988) 16-3 UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing annual means and moving 11-year and 22-year means of relative sunspot numbers from 1700 to 1960, with three panels: top panel showing annual means (y-axis 0-200), middle panel showing moving 11-year means (y-axis 0-150), bottom panel showing moving 22-year means (y-axis 0-80). X-axis spans years 1700 to 1950.] FIGURE 1: MEANS OF RELATIVE SUNSPOT NUMBERS, 1700 TO 1960¹ ¹ HANDBOOK of Geophysics and Space Environments Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. 16-4 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing solar cycle sunspot numbers for cycles 21-23. Y-axis ranges from 0 to 210, showing sunspot activity over time with a heavy smoothed curve overlaid on the raw data.] FIGURE 2: SOLAR CYCLE SUNSPOT NUMBERS (CYCLES 21-23) Note: The heavy curve is a smoothed approximation. In the UAP context finer grain required (Figure 3) 16-5 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing solar cycle No 21 (1976-1984). Y-axis ranges from 0 to 190, showing monthly sunspot numbers over time with a smoothed curve.] FIGURE 3: SOLAR CYCLE No 21(1976-1984) 16-6 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing example detailed solar flux/sunspot numbers for Jan/Feb 1996. Three data series plotted: Solar flux (upper line, scale 0-120), Sunspot number (middle line), and Planetary index (lower line, scale 0-10). X-axis shows dates from approximately day 96100 to 96230.] FIGURE 4: EXAMPLE DETAILED SOLAR FLUX/SUNSPOT NUMBERS FOR JAN/FEB 1996 (U) 16-7 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
WORKING PAPER NO. 17
VISUAL OBSERVATION OF SATELLITES
Para Page
Orbital Period 1 17-1
Inclination 2 17-1
Re-entry 3 17-1
Satellite Brightness 4 17-1
Comparison of Brightness with Stars 5 17-1
Cylindrical and Balloon Satellites 6 17-1
CONDITIONS FOR VIEWING SATELLITES 7 17-1
Earth's Shadow 9 17-2
Repeat Observations 12 17-3
Spells of Visibility 14 17-3
Angles of Elevation 16 17-3
Flash Periods 17 17-3
Sightline Rates 18 17-3
17 February 1999 i xxxxxxxxxx S.40
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETUK RESTRICTED VISUAL OBSERVATION OF SATELLITES 1. Orbital Period This could be relevant to UAP studies, as an event (i.e. satellite mistaken for a UAP) could be observed once or more on the same pass or on successive passes. The orbital period (i.e. in this UAP context the time of appearance or reappearance) is shown at Figure 1. Thus if the orbit altitude is changed from 200km to 1500km the orbit time changes from 88 to 116 minutes Hence, UAP reports at these approximate times and at these approximate time intervals could be satellite sightings. 2. Inclination This is the angle at which the plane of an orbit cuts the equator. It determines the maximum latitude reached by the satellite and hence its potential usefulness at a set of CHADR. 3. Re-entry The effect of air drag (even with much reduced density) causes LEO satellites (especially to re-enter the atmosphere for observers (often in films or video taken from the same platform. Less well known (to terrestrial observers) is the projection of aircraft shapes on to cloud layers and the consequent moving shadows seen from beneath the clouds. Further, it is possible for rainbow-like arrays to be produced through sunshine via aircraft windows, which can be projected on to clouds some kilometres distant. These can be reported as UAPs with colours. 4. Satellite Brightness Brightness depends on size, shape, surface finish and 'phase angle' relative to the sun. A spherical satellite (e.g. 40m in diameter (Echo 2 balloon)) on a thin disc, at the other extreme, may have all its surface illuminated facing the sun. This occurs if a spherical satellite is in the West. If the sun is in the west when the 5. Comparison of Brightness with Stars It is possible that some UAP reports (from those with knowledge of astronomy) may rate the UAP in terms of the stellar magnitude scale defined by referring to standard stars/planets and even compare a UAP in terms of that (i.e. a familiar star (e.g. a Pole Star). The stellar 'magnitude 1' is the brightest with 'magnitude 6' roughly the faintest. The Pole Star has a magnitude of 2.1, Series 2 is used from UAP reports). Mars and Salvut-type systems have a magnitude of ~1 (i.e. 2.5 times brighter than a star of magnitude 0 such as Vega, itself 2 times brighter than the sun). 6. Cylindrical and Balloon Satellites are visible from the side-on area of the cylinder (i.e. length x diameter) and then taking the curve root to give the apparent brightness. (e.g. A 2 × 16m² cylinder side area) = 4m diaspherical equivalent). Clearly the areas would be less when corners do not give the maximum. Cylinders viewed may fluctuate, if they are tumbling, giving the impression of flashes of light. Balloon satellites are very sensitive to air drag. They may break up in space, producing several reflecting objects. 7. CONDITIONS FOR VIEWING SATELLITES This is a key topic for UAP filtering. A satellite can only be seen: - If illuminated by the sun - If the observer is well in shadow - If the satellite is against a dark background ¹ "Observing Earth Satellites" Desmond King-Hele MacMillan 1983 17-1 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED 8. Certain conditions apply for viewing to occur, and which set the conditions (or eliminate!) the possibility of a satellite being mistaken for a UAP: - The sun must be at least 10° below the horizon (giving a shadow height of at least 100Km). - The satellite must be higher than the shadow. - Faint satellites can only be seen when the shadow height is >100km but less than the satellite's height, (which may be as low as 200km). 9. Earth's Shadow Evening observations of low satellites are only possible after sunset when the sun is between 10° and 18° below the horizon. The sequence is reversed in the morning: the daily shift in the satellite's angular position at zenith of a cross UK plane swings westward. For example, a 500Km altitude satellite reaches a point where the shadow height is less than 500km and the satellite will be visible in the evening for some weeks, but as it swings further west will be invisible because of the glare of the sun (the further west it goes). Next, it will pass over in daylight for many weeks, then into morning twilight and after this potential morning visibility will once again enter eclipse before repeating the cycle. 11. It is observed that (using the 100 and 400 curves at Figure 5) at 50°N at 0 January, the period for satellite viewing is only from 17:12-18:18hrs. By April that has lengthened to about 1 hour and from approximately 20 May to 20 July a satellite could be seen at any time of the night. In June any satellite higher than 300Km is continuously visible (it appears in the context of the UAP window figure, the observation period is greater than 50%). There are all seasons to be cautious when in association with potential UAP windows of observation (the viewing period is significantly more than Figure 5 might suggest (since this is plotted for a satellite overhead). Clearly the satellite might be at some other elevation angle. In the dark eastern sky it is sometimes possible to observe before the end of twilight. For a satellite at 400km altitude at longitudes up to 10° to the right of the observer it is possible to observe up to 40 minutes longer than the figure indicates. 12. Repeat Observations Observation of a satellite on successive evenings is subject to longitude changes at which it crosses the latitude of the observer. A satellite appears to be ~1° (0.984°) further west on successive nights due to the 360 981° rotation in 24 hours because the earth rotates through 360° 27hrs 56 minutes and spends 17-2 UK RESTRICTED
UK RESTRICTED the remaining four minutes 'catching up' on the small angle each needed to be in the same direction relative to the same satellite. Clearly the satellite will have a time-shift in arrival at the observer's latitude, by several seconds. The daily shift to the West is shown at Figure 6 for near circular orbits. Hence, from the UAP aspect, the same satellite will be slightly shifted in track and timing and elevation changes as the day shifts toward the West, changing the number of days/nights when the orbit just grazes the visibility window in the North or South. 500Km altitude satellite reaches a point where the shadow height is less than 500km and the satellite will be visible in the evening for some weeks, but as it swings further west it will become invisible because of the glare of the sun (the further west it goes). Next, it will pass over in daylight for many weeks, then into morning twilight and after this potential morning visibility will once again enter eclipse before repeating the cycle. 14. Spells of Visibility Satellites (in circular orbits) pass over a track on a north or southbound track. It is important to note the concept of 'spells of visibility' because these are likely to generate successive spurious UAP reports. It can be shown that evening visibility lasts for e/(e+1) days, where e is the length of one evening's visibility (in days and the value e (the daily westward shift) is given from Figure 6. For example, for a satellite at 400km at zenith (e is ~2 hours per evening/night, the value of e is zero (Figure 6), hence the spell of visibility is reduced to 10/5 minutes, then 2.8 (Figure 6), hence the spell of visibility is reduced to 10⁰·³/3 = 2.8 days (Figure 6). As the satellite altitude increases 1 month. This rule of thumb becomes inaccurate after ~ 1 month - but is of no concern for UAP elimination since the observation height is 500Km. Hence the satellite will be in shadow and visible unless its height exceeds 1000Km. 15. After a spell of visibility a circular orbit satellite becomes visible again (from the same location) after 144/4 (1+e) days or 12(1+e) months. Slightly different rules apply to eccentric orbits. 16. Angle of Elevation This is one parameter which often causes UAP reports. See Figures 8(a) and 8(b) show the angle/range/altitude relationship. 17. Flash Periods It is possible to time the satellites flash period. This feature may appear in UAP reports. Flashers seen with the naked eye from MOLNIYA satellites have been reported at once per minute (from 40,000km range). These flashes tend to come from flat satellite surfaces (cf UAP reports). Many events exhibit the property of VENUS at its brightest. 18. Sightline Rates UAP reports occasionally include times and angles. Some examples are: (a) Satellite at 200km altitude. The minimum orbital speed is 7900m.s⁻¹ (e.g. SKYLAB altitude 235km) (b) Satellite at moon distance travels at 975m.s (c) An equatorial orbit (circular) at 10,200km passes once every eight hours. (d) A 100-300 nautical mile high orbit passes, typically, once every 90 minutes. 17-3 UK RESTRICTED
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing orbital period of a satellite (y-axis, minutes, ranging approximately 85-130) versus its average height above the Earth (x-axis, km, ranging 0-1800). Numbers on the curve give average speed in km/second. Earth's orbital speed shown as approximately 8.07 km/s.] Figure 1: Orbital period of a satellite versus its average height above the Earth (U) [FIGURE: Black and white photograph showing the descent of Skylab 1 over Australia on 11 July 1979, appearing as a bright streak against a dark sky.] Figure 2: Photograph of the descent of Skylab 1 over Australia on 11 July 1979 (U) 17-4 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing Spherical Satellite Visual Brightness for given Range and Diameter. X-axis shows Distance from observer (km) ranging from 200 to 2000 (top axis) and 200 to 2000 (bottom axis). Y-axis shows Stellar magnitude. Multiple curves shown; numbers on curves indicate satellite diameter in metres. Note: Changing the diameter by a factor of 10 changes magnitude by 5.] Figure 3: Spherical Satellite - Visual Brightness for given Range and Diameter (U) 17-5 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Diagram showing Example Satellite Visibility Sectors. Depicts a circular Earth with North Pole at top and South Pole at bottom. Labels indicate: 'Observing area' (top), 'Sky dark, satellite visible' (right), 'Sunlight' (left arrow), 'Satellite orbit' (circle around Earth), 'Sky bright, satellite not visible' (lower left), 'Twilight zone' (lower left area), 'Satellite visible' (lower right), 'Observing area' (bottom). Earth is shown with hatching on the shadow side.] Figure 4: Example - Satellite Visibility Sectors (U) 17-6 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing Satellite Viewing Windows for Latitude 50°N for Earth's Shadow Altitudes up to 7000Km. X-axis shows Local mean time (hours) from 17 to 24. Y-axis shows months from Jan 1 to Dec 21. Contour lines show shadow altitudes (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000 km). A shaded region labelled 'Daylight' is shown in the centre. The visible window curves around either side of the daylight region.] Figure 5: Satellite Viewing Windows (for Latitude 50°N) for Earth's Shadow Altitudes up to 7000Km (U) 17-7 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing Daily Shift of Observed Position to the West for given Orbital Period. X-axis shows Orbital Period (minutes). Y-axis shows daily westward shift (degrees). Multiple diagonal lines shown.] Figure 6: Daily Shift of Observed Position to the West for given Orbital Period (U) Note: X (Degrees) is Nodal Regression. [FIGURE: Map showing 90 Minute Orbit Tracks at 65° Inclination over the British Isles and surrounding area. Diagonal parallel track lines cross the map from lower left to upper right, showing successive ground tracks. Latitude lines at approximately 51°, 55°, 60° and longitude lines at approximately 0°, 5°W are visible.] Figure 7: 90 Minute Orbit Tracks at 65° Inclination (U) 17-8 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing Satellite Elevation to 800Km Altitude. X-axis shows Ground distance (km) from 0 to 1000. Y-axis shows Height (km) from 0 to 800. Curved contour lines show elevation angles from approximately 0° to 90°, fanning out from the lower left origin.] Figure 8(a): Satellite Elevation to 800Km Altitude (U) 17-9 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET UK RESTRICTED [FIGURE: Graph showing Satellite Elevation to 3000Km Altitude. X-axis shows Ground distance (km) from 400 to 3600. Y-axis shows Height (km) from 0 to 4800. Curved contour lines show elevation angles from 0° to 60°, with labels at 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 60°, 80°, fanning out from the lower left.] Figure 8(b): Satellite Elevation to 3000Km Altitude (U) 17-10 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
WORKING PAPER NO. 18
PROJECTED SHAPES/SHADOWS, FLUORESCENCE, LUMINESCENCE
& SONOLUMINESCENCE
Para Page
PROJECTED SHAPES AND SHADOWS 1 18-1
FLUORESCENCE AND LUMINESCENCE 3 18-1
ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING 4 18-1
Gas Absorption 6 18-2
Aerosol Fluorescence 7 18-2
Scattering Intensity 8 18-2
Pollution 9 18-2
SONOLUMINESCENCE 10 18-2
January 26, 2000 i xxxxxxxxxx S.40
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETSECRET UK RESTRICTED PROJECTED SHAPES AND SHADOWS 1. Frequently UAP reports suggest shadow shapes (i.e. objects apparently seen in silhouette). It is believed that a proportion of these are projected shadows from any object which is opaque, or near opaque at the wavelength of the surrounding light. Thus a shadow with a fairly sharp edge is reported, although much closer examination would show that the shadow is not absolutely sharp. 2. The shadows of aircraft and helicopters are frequently seen on the ground, often in film or video taken from the same platform. Less well known (to terrestrial observers) is the projection of aircraft shapes on to cloud layers and the consequent moving shadows seen from beneath the clouds. Further, it is possible for rainbow-like arrays to be produced through sunshine via aircraft windows, which can be projected on to clouds some kilometres distant. These can be reported as UAPs with colours. FLUORESCENCE AND LUMINESCENCE 3. Earthlights are seen in the dark but they are not observed by reflected light. They actually provide the light energy which the eye receives and be classed as 'fluorescent'. Here luminescence is always longer than that of the absorbed light. In the UAP context it seems unlikely that if fluorescence is indeed the mechanism of making an aerosol cloud appear as a visible mass) this could be caused by radiation from the particles by any radar system. The source radiation must be shorter in wavelength than visible light, leading to the postulation that the cause - Photo-luminescence is that generated by radiant energy - Bioluminescence is generated by bio-chemical reaction. - Cathodo-luminescence is generated by electron bombardment. Luminescence is called fluorescence or phosphorescence, depending on the rate of decay, phosphorescence persists for some time. Fluorescence ceases when electron bombardment stops (i.e. within ~10⁻⁸ sec.). Therefore, to obtain continuous fluorescence, to continuous electron bombardment is needed. (See also para 6 below) ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING 4. When ambient light impinges on a gas its intensity is affected by the absorption and, as a result its velocity will be less in the medium than in free space. The medium may not reduce the intensity by equal amounts for all wavelengths. No substance is known which absorbs all wavelengths equally, although some can approach this condition over a wide range of wavelengths. Normally one would expect selective absorption to occur. 18-1 UK RESTRICTED
UK RESTRICTED appears between what are taken to be highly charged 'balls' seen as sources of coloured or white light, usually at the extremities, forming a triangle, cone or rectangle. 6. Gas Absorption The absorption spectra of gases at ordinary pressures show narrow dark lines, although it is possible to find regions of continuous absorption. After an atom or molecule has taken up energy from light it may collide with another particle and an average increase in the velocity of particles may occur. Each atom energised can only exist for 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁸ sec and unless a collision occurs the energy will be re-emitted as a photon. At low pressures the time between collisions is long, hence the gas becomes a source of radiation and there is not true absorption. The re-emitted light often has the same wavelength (resonance radiation). Under some circumstances the re-emitted light may have a longer wavelength than the incident light. This is known as fluorescence. In either resonance or fluorescence some of the light will be removed and dark lines would be seen in an examination of the spectral response. 7. Aerosol Fluorescence If it is postulated that some UAP comprise clouds of aerosol particles, then it is necessary, briefly, to examine fluorescence from solids. According to Stoke's Law the wavelength of the fluorescent light is always longer than that of the absorbed light. In the UAP context it seems unlikely (no the diameter of making an aerosol cloud appear as a visible mass) this could be caused by radiation from the particles by any radar system. The radiation source must be shorter in wavelength than visible light, leading to the postulation that the cause may be IR or UV bursts from a natural source. 8. Scattering Intensity The scattered intensity is proportional to the incident intensity and to the square of the volume of the scattering particle and on wavelength. Hence, if an aerosol cloud exists (say, at high altitude) and is radiated with a light source, the reflected light seen by an observer will be critically dependent on particle size. Long waves would be expected to be less effectively scattered than short ones because the particles themselves present obstructions to the waves, which are smaller (compared with their wavelength) for long waves than short ones. The intensity viewed is proportional to 1/λ⁴. As red light (λ = 7200) has a wavelength 1.8 times as great as violet light (λ = 4000) the law predicts (1.8)⁴ or ten times greater scattering for the blue. Hence particles much smaller than the wavelength of either colour Hence, if white light is scattered from sufficiently fine particles the scattered light always has a bluish colour. If the size of the particles is larger, then the scattered light becomes whiter. 9. Pollution In passing it is suggested that the reported increase in atmospheric pollution (particularly over large cities) may have a bearing on the charged aerosol phenomena (reported at Working Paper No 19) and thereby the increasing incidence of UAP reports. That there is a clear connection with the particles in suspension of the medium, and volcanic zones is repeated elsewhere in the report. SONOLUMINESCENCE 10. Sonoluminescence is the production of wide-spectrum light, visible by the human eye, due to the compression of gas 18-2 UK RESTRICTED
bubbles by sonic (i.e. sound air pressure) shock waves. While this can be easily reproduced under laboratory conditions under water, and the light emitted extends from IR to UV, covering the entire human eye spectrum, it is not clear whether the conditions could (perhaps exceptionally) exist in the atmosphere. If this is so, then sonoluminescence could be a candidate source for the very short UAP lights (e.g. <1 second), which are frequently found when examining the UAP reports. Although it is some 60 years since the discovery of the effect little serious work on understanding and quantifying the phenomenon has been done - mainly because of lack of measurement technology 11. The science behind the sonoluminescence effect can be summarized as: - A very small volume must be present (appearing, for example, as a gas bubble (cavity) in water) which must contain a gas other than pure oxygen or nitrogen. However, even a 1% impurity is sufficient to invoke sonoluminescence. - Successive rarefactions and compressions must be present for the gas to pulsate rapidly. - The radius of the gas bubble will expand when the pressure goes negative (e.g. for a bubble in water the radius can typically change from 4 to 40 microns). - The sudden collapse (Rayleigh 1917) reaches supersonic velocities (1.4 kilometres per second quoted), stopping only when the gas in the bubble reaches a 'hard core' minimum radius (when the molecules can get no closer together) - Photons of several eV energy level are emitted, at which time the temperature is estimated as being in the tens of thousands of degrees. At this point the bubble surface is reported to 'bounce', with a surface acceleration which can attain values causing a non-linear amplification effect (focussing) of the energy. - Several alternative theories are currently proposed for the micro-detail of the effect. However it is clear that flash duration depends upon, among other factors, the intensity of the emission and the gas/water mixture. The longest flashes occur with the brightest emissions. The effect is also pressure dependent. - There are close analogies with cavitation bubbles in sonar. 12. The fact that this effect can be seen by the unaided eye was perhaps first reported in the original version of EXODUS (20:18), where 'and all the people saw the sounds'. This was removed in later translations (presumably as being 'impossible'). If the sonoluminescence effect can be produced, even under exceptional conditions in the atmosphere, it may account for some UAP reports. 18-3
FIGURE 1: INTENSITY OF SCATTERING VS WAVELENGTH (RAYLEIGH'S LAW) 18-4
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 19
CHARGED DUST AEROSOLS - DUSTY PLASMAS
&
ATMOSPHERIC PLASMAS AS REFLECTORS AND ABSORBERS
Para Page
Introduction 19-1
Streamlined Shaping 4 19-1
UAP Model 6 19-2
Motion 8 19-2
Particle Characteristics 9 19-2
Speed of Cloud 10 19-2
Lights 13 19-3
Colours 14 19-3
Electrical Attraction 15 19-3
Radar Reflections 17 19-4
SUMMARY- Dusty Plasmas 18 19-4
ATMOSPHERIC PLASMAS AS ABSORBERS &
REFLECTORS
Plasma Lifetime 22 19-5
Reflection 23 19-5
Absorption 24 19-5
INTERACTIONS
Plasma Interaction with Objects & Aircraft 26 19-5
January 26, 2000 i xxxxxxxxx S.40CHARGED DUST AEROSOLS - DUSTY PLASMAS 1 Introduction There are numerous reports of unidentified flying objects of cigar, toroidal, spherical and a host of other regular shapes moving in earth's atmosphere due to the action of forces of an unknown nature. Depending on the witness's perception at the time, the object can have 'navigation lights', 'searchlights', be of various single colours or even multiple colours. The objects reportedly can change flight direction suddenly, stop, accelerate or decelerate. Reports have also have included 'buzzed by shining glass balls or cones' or 'like soccer balls made of glass'. Mukharev (Russia)¹ takes all these factors into account in his hypothesis that aerosol aggregation can accumulate electrical charges due to the action of the same process (charge mechanisms) as in thunderstorms and there are several types of 'dusty plasma'. For example, 'Dusty Dense' plasmas and 'Dust in a Plasma' are different. In the former the particles remain electromagnetically trapped in the plasma volume. A strong electric field is needed in the gas to overcome the ionisation rate and maintain the structure against electron loss. An equilibrium is achieved by the balance between ionisation in the plasma volume and the charged particles lost at the extremities. Within the core of the effect the particles take up an ordered structure (rather like a crystal lattice). Russia has taken a particular interest in combustion plasmas since 1994, and the science of dusty plasmas has recently achieved several milestones. Several researchers have used microspheres as the experimental medium [As area of potential interest: there is in the possible use of microspheres as chaff to produce false targets] 2. When dust particles are between separated charges (e.g. visualise as in a volume between capacitor plates) the dust will suspend in a matrix and a balancing of the charges causes the dust to suspend in flat layers. By using a laser beam it has been found that the dust can be moved, or the crystal lattice 'fractured'. The radiation intensity of a low power laser (compared to the particles) can be moved, or the crystal lattice 'fractured'. The radiation of a low power laser (compared to the particles) momentum given to them depends on their size, distribution, surface area and mass. If the particles are not balanced, the dust will fall under gravity. Since the particles can be made to form specified alignments, there are specific radiation applications eg depending on the this technology, but the UAP content is potentially a special case - since clearly if the charging were to become too large, the aerosol would vanish. The overall equilibrium of the charged particles in the medium is thus defined by external conditions. It is suggested that Dusty Plasmas may well be closely related to at least some of the UAP reports, which frequently display characteristics that observers of such a cloud, especially one with bright spots and turn this into a UAP, with portholes! 19-1
fuselage shaped, (e.g. cigar), flattening sphere (i.e. disc or flat cigar), or even triangular, with curved edges. As the EM field within a planar, then all extremities of the original aerosol charged body (whatever its original format) will tend to be 'smoothed'. Eventually the EM field within the charged envelope will dampen and dissipate and the more sharpened contours will no longer arise and so be no longer recognised as a shape (i.e. as a UAP), or will vanish completely. 5. If high intensity EM field values occur, a gas discharge is possible at its maxima, giving rise to 'bright lights' on the surface of the UAP (see paragraph 13 below). 6 UAP Model Mukharev, commencing with a postulated spherical aerosol, considers the natural equations for the electrical and magnetic oscillation modes, and derives a model. It is postulated that the initial excitation is by streak lightning. [Comment: Note that this can be present in either a 'wet' or 'dry' electrical storm condition]. The model estimates the dielectric constant of the medium from which the sphere comprises and Mukharev points out that this is similar to the dielectric constant of a plasma. It is determined by the character of the time- dependence of the field in which the source is located. The ratio of the internal and external dielectric constants sets the conditions. This will depend upon whether the aerosol is one which damps with time (in which case a negative dielectric constant is obtained), or one where the field is sinusoidal. It is thus shown that the amount of energy of the EM field within, say, a 1m³ volume of the aerosol cloud is only ~8 Joules. Therefore, it is claimed that the field of the UAP could be excited by a spark discharge. 7 The postulation shows that the aerosol cloud can remain within boundary conditions which do not result in immediate breakdown, but have a finite lifetime. For the purposes of the model it is shown that the Lorentz Force (Earth's Magnetic Field) is negligibly small compared with the aerodynamic drag force. The outcome is a postulated UAP which has motion. 8 Motion As the cloud moves in the atmosphere the aerosol particles located at its surface are removed by the air stream. (The energy of the EM fields associated with these particles being transferred into EM momentum.) As a consequence of the momentum conservation law, the EM momentum arising within the closed system of the cloud must be compensated by the mechanical momentum. Hence, a force arises at the leading edge of the cloud which causes the cloud to accelerate until the force becomes equal to aerodynamic drag. After some time the cloud gradually decelerates because of the dampening field. 9 Particle Characteristics The particles may be variable in diameter and the entire mass of material in the aerosol cloud can amount to only a fraction of a gram. It has been suggested that this low mass, resulting in absence of inertia, may be the reason for the exceptional 'manoeuvrability' attributed to UAP and associated also a tendency towards rapid acceleration. 10 Speed of Cloud It is possible to relate particle size to the drag-force by using the Reynolds number for the particles moving in a laminar stream, at velocity v: Re = γv₀r/η /where 19-2
where: γ is the density of the
atmospheric medium, r₀ the particle
radius for 1.5μm. The velocity of
laminar noiseless motion is shown
below.
For this situation Re must be ≤10 (since the radius
of the particles, their velocity for γ = 1.29kg.m⁻³
must be inter-related by the conditions
~1.4 x 10⁻²s⁻¹. Thus the higher the observed
velocity of the UAP the smaller the dimensions of
the particles forming it. Examples are:
Particle Radius 1.5μm 0.05mm
Velocity(metres 280[?] 3
per second)
2340[?]
Notes [1] Up to an altitude of ~3Km
[2] At an altitude of 15Km, where
the density of the atmosphere
has decreased.
11. It is therefore noted that, at 15Km altitude,
the aerosol cloud can move at up to about seven
times the speed of sound. Hence, this correlates
with reports of fast-moving UAPs, much faster than
aircraft. An aqueous aerosol moves at high velocity
and evaporates quickly. Hence, life time can be
short. A long-lived aerosol cloud forming a UAP
can only consist of solid dust particles of very small
size.
12. The energy of the EM field in the
cloud and the aerodynamic (i.e. atmospheric)
drag force are proportional to the cloud
volume. Therefore the velocity and path taken
should not depend on cloud dimensions. For
example, if a charged aerosol cloud has moved
distance L (e.g. 40km) with a velocity v (e.g.
30ms⁻¹) a volume density can be calculated (in
this case 4 x 10⁻²m³).
13 Lights For a high field potential (e.g.
>10⁵V/m) an electrodeless corona discharge
should occur on the surface of discharge zones of
high intensity, resulting in localised discharge
zones of high field intensity. The light intensity
varies throughout the aerosol, localised discharge
zones can occur - due to alternate regions of
maxima and minima. Hence, it is postulated
that 'navigation lights' are observed. In the E₀
mode, for example two 'lights' or a luminous
strip can be formed. If the number of discharge
zones increases, the number of 'lights' will
increase which will be equally distributed
around the cloud as luminous zones or
'portholes'
14 Colours It is suggested that different
colours might be produced by the presence of
particles in the discharge zones.
15 Electrical Attraction If the discharge
connects with some conducting object (Earth's
surface or aircraft), the number of 'lights'
can be see by the unaided eye. It is
postulated that when 'searchlight
beams' are reported from UAPs that most of
the very high concentrated discharge cone
and can cause damage by the high voltage but
very small intensity current. This can lead to
involuntary closure of electronic and electrical
circuits (switches) and have adverse health
effects on humans (see Working Paper No.
26). On the ground the discharge can leave
marks, bend grass etc.
19-317. Radar Reflections No information has been found on the possible radar reflectivity from charged dust aerosols, so it is claimed available on radar scatter from 'Dusty Plasmas'. There may well be some overlap in the terminology and applicability. The latter topic is covered at Working Paper No 5, on radar reflectivity. SUMMARY 18. Dusty Plasmas The work reviewed above shows that it is theoretically possible for a charged cloud of particles to exhibit characteristics of visibility and motion similar to many UAP reports with the particular implication that atmosphere-borne particles must be present strengthens the proven correlation with dust-laden scenarios, e.g. near volcanoes and earthquakes. For the uninitiated it would not take too much imagination to observe such a cloud, especially one with bright spots and turn this into a UAP, with portholes. 19. As the formation of clouds (of the charged aerosol type) would clearly depend on the presence of atmospheric-carried particles, it may well be worth making correlation studies of sightings of UAPs with geographical locations where dust is produced, e.g. quarries, or where other pollution particles are emitted (e.g. from power stations or factories). It may also be useful to compare the number of sightings in areas - taken both during and after cessation of work where dust or other particles are produced. For example, where factories have closed or applied dust/smoke control regimes, or where dusty quarries operated but no longer do so. However, a considerable amount of effort would be needed to properly investigate this suggestion. The critical information is not available on the database created for this study. 20 The topics of 'dust in plasmas' and 'dusty plasmas' have become of particular importance in the last two to three years. These plasmas can easily be produced under laboratory conditions, but much more research is required to understand all the mechanisms involved. This may well point towards an understanding of such plasmas in the atmosphere. ATMOSPHERIC PLASMAS AS REFLECTORS & ABSORBERS 21 The electromagnetic properties of a plasma at atmospheric pressure is an inter-disciplinary topic, combining plasma physics, radio wave propagation and UAP reports. Plasmas in the atmosphere can either reflect or absorb electromagnetic waves, depending on plasma characteristics. A high reflection co-efficient requires a grazing angle of incidence. A high absorption requires a high collision rate, a low electron density and a plasma transition of about one wavelength. The power to sustain a plasma in air is high because of the short plasma lifetime unless continuously replenished. The bandwidth, as an absorber, can extend from Metric to I Band. However, absorption peaks at VHF/UHF. In an atmospheric plasma, electrons undergo numerous collisions with atoms and molecules in the background gas(es) and the collisions dominate the electron dynamics (which will be feeding the plasma to heat and damp the essential electron motion. The collision rate is a function of both gas density and where water vapour has an effect - so that, for example, 50% relative humidity approximately doubles the sea-level dry air collision rate. 22 Plasma Lifetime The plasma lifetime is essentially determined by the plasma density (altitude). The presence of gases other than those normally in air can change the lifetime by a factor of ~10,000 for helium 19-4
23 Reflection If a rapid transition occurs, from free space to plasma (caused, for example, by the presence of large electrical/electromagnetic forces), the plasma will reflect. If the transition is diffuse, the plasma will reflect at a grazing angle. If the plasma transition gradient is too long, then the plasma patch will transmit (i.e. allow through) more energy than it reflects. 24 Absorption The absorption bandwidth depends on the collision rate of each particle and the plasma gradient. An atmospheric absorber which is lightweight, has high attenuation per wavelength and can be switched on and off. Quite apart from any UAP-related properties, it is seen that there are potential military applications in the control of EM scattering and Low Observables. 25. The power requirements to sustain a plasma are dependent on the plasma volume, electron density required, the energy to generate electron-ion pairs and the lifetime required, and, of course the altitude (pressure) and the medium. INTERACTIONS 26 Plasma Interactions with Objects and Aircraft The interaction of plasmas alone, or when surrounding other objects are complex, since plasmas can act both as reflectors and reflectors. In addition, for transmitters, it has been shown in practice that the presence of a plasma can enhance an antenna mounted into an antenna mounted on a body, thus modifying its performance, causing an increase, for example, in radiated power. The increase in radiated power is a function of the ratio of plasma frequency to signal frequency. In the UAP context it seems likely that the response of an impinging EM wave-front on reaching a plasma might be affected. If the radiation from a plasma is capable of modifying an antenna on transmit, then presumably it will do so on receive - hence it seems possible that the presence of a plasma in proximity to a radio receiver (especially at VHF/UHF) may modify the receiver front-end characteristics and even fine tune - or disrupt normal reception. This may well be the cause of reports that receivers, in what could be termed the 'near field' of a UAP, suffer some function (receive and/or transmit) until the UAP and receiver are separated. Usually the UAP moves away or if the vehicle stops knocking, it is hurriedly driven off. In the context of radio transmission, the frequency dependence of this phenomenon also depends upon the inductive reactance introduced by the plasma layer improving the antenna (towards resonance and reducing the resistive losses), such that the efficiency is maximised. [Apart from the UAP- related aspects, a factor of military importance may be that the antenna can be made smaller.] 27 Interaction with Aircraft Because it is usually unclear as to what the entity comprises, coupled with the surprise factor, most encounters with what are clearly charged masses have been assumed to have been with ball lightning (Working Paper No 2). Whether this is the case - and whether charged aerosols are a variation of the same physical realisation - is not currently clear. The laws of motion of a plasma ball and the effects when in close proximity to an aircraft in flight are of special importance here. It is assumed that the drag on the ball diminishes with time, due to the leakage, where the air layer is adjacent to the ball; the ball is treated as a non-deformable, non-deformable solid sphere, in aerodynamic terms, in a flow of non-compressible fluid. The ball is also set in long visual distance (slant ranges) of ~100km, where, it is calculated, the diameter can be several hundred metres. [As an example, an object of 90.5m diameter at 100km range has the same angular extent as that of the moon.] 19-5
This force would be several tons! (which is much less in practice. It seems probable that the air- stream would lose some of its various physical properties over the surface of the sphere (i.e. the presence of the plasma, it is suggested, would reduce drag). This has been shown to be the case in experimental observations. Frequent reports in Russia suggest that plasmas/charged bodies start to respond to the presence of an aircraft at a range of about (0km. N 1. Gaidukov and others have published papers on this phenomenon (and indeed the Russian Aviation authorities now advise them) that if the plasma appears to 'attract' the aircraft, it is suggested to climb to make the mass fall astern, where it will remain until it dissipates in the slipstream. It is not clear whether these are the same claims as the four finalists they have received as 'UFO's', and their particular interest in the phenomenon, and the large number of published papers. 19-6
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 20
OPTICAL MIRAGES
Para Page
OPTICAL MIRAGES
Optical Conditions 1 20-1
Object Position 2 20-1
UAP CONTEXT 3 20-2
17 February 1999 i xxxxxxxxx S.40OPTICAL MIRAGES 1 Optical Conditions An optical mirage is a phenomenon associated with the refraction of light in a cloud-free atmosphere, resulting in the apparent displacement of a distant object. The refraction is caused by abnormal air densities, which cause the light to travel in a curvilinear path. Object shapes can be distorted and scintillation can cause rapid changes in the observed colour, shape and position of the object. For a stationary observer the effect can last several hours; for a moving observer only seconds or minutes. Mirages have the following characteristics:- - Mirage images are seen at low grazing angles near the horizontal plane. - Mirages can only be seen if there is a long uninterrupted sightline. - Mirages are associated with atmospheric gradients which give anomalous propagation. - Focussing and interference of the wavefronts can give rapid movement and enhanced brightening. - Distortions and colour changes can be accompanied by multiple images. - Objects on the surface (e.g. ships) can appear as if they are elevated. 2 Object Position The amount the object is apparently (visually) displaced from its true position (angle) depends on the variability of the density of the medium (hence its value of refraction index). The effect is well understood in physical optics, and is pressure (P), temperature (T) and wavelength (λ) dependent. The spatial variations can be expressed in terms of P, T and λ and the resulting practical values of refraction (minutes of arc per km) for the ratio of temperature to altitude is significant. In the simplest terms this means that: - One degree of arc represents the largest angular change between the true and false (mirage) position of an object. - When the image appears above the true position this is know as a superior mirage. When below the true position, the term used is an inferior mirage. - There must be the coincident conditions of a temperature inversion and the presence of light to illuminate the object at grazing angle. - Vertical stretching can lead an observer to under estimate the true distance to the luminous object. 20-1
UAP CONTEXT 3. The key factor in eliminating or including the mirage phenomena as a potential UAP event is that of low grazing angles and long distances, since it is unlikely (from the type of UAP details usually received) that the other detailed meteorological conditions will be known. In the UKADR the combination of long path lengths and low grazing angles is more likely to occur at sea. 20-2
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 21
IONOSPHERIC PLASMA
Para Page
Formation of Plasma 1 21-1
Extent 3 21-1
Motion 4 21-1
Power 5 21-2
Radar Echoes 6 21-2
17 February 1999 i xxxxxxxxx S.40IONOSPHERIC PLASMA 1 Formation Of Plasma Within the troposphere operate powerful processes which orientate the separation of electric charges; for example, thunder conditions give rise to huge vertical separation of charges. Meanwhile it is understood, that wind is responsible for horizontal charge distribution. When charges are displaced it is possible for the creation of image charges which make the ionosphere unstable, with the result that a downward electron stream is ejected from the bottom of the ionosphere which may produce 'airglow' in a narrow high altitude band. Because these visible manifestations can be seen at night, they are often described as 'nocturnal lights'. They appear to have a close connection with one class of UAP sighting. Figure 1¹ Shows the mechanism, which is explained in the following sequence: - Due to wind over the earth's surface and/or a hilly region a positive charge is deposited on the hills. - A negative charge becomes attracted to the moving air mass (shown moving to the right on the figure). - Corresponding 'mirror' charge images are formed with an upward E field (E₀) above the hills and a balancing downward field (E_D) restores equilibrium. The ionisation due to E₀ causes instability and an electron stream from the ionosphere is downward-accelerated by the electric field. - 'Airglows' (UAPs) are formed when electrons are stopped in the lower atmosphere. - The glows or 'nocturnal lights' occur in a relatively thin altitude layer and visually appear as bright spots of approximately similar size moving across the night sky. 2 The supporting theory is explained in some detail at¹. It seems likely that the reports of 'silvery discs' at very high altitude are not the same phenomenon. Below ionospheric altitudes researchers agree that air conductivity cannot prevent the conditions if the middle atmosphere can become electrically de-coupled from the ionosphere. The ground and the ionosphere can be considered, in effect, two plates of an enormous capacitor. The conductivity of the ionosphere is of solar origin (hence, the investigations elsewhere in this report on possible solar flux/solar flare connections with the rate of UAP reports). 3 Extent The size of 'nocturnal lights', which is believed to be produced by an electron stream which penetrates to the lower atmosphere, is considerable, in order to be seen at long visual distances (slant ranges) of ~100km, where, it is calculated, the diameter can be several hundred metres. [As an example, an object of 90.5m diameter at 100km range has the same angular extent as that of the moon.] ¹ BROVETTO P AND MAXIA V 'On the Instability of the Ionospheric Plasma....' IL NUOVO CIMENTO July 1995 21-1
4 Motion A high angular velocity is produced because the phenomenon is light (i.e. nothing or very little mass actually moves physically). It is analogous to a 'searchlight spot' moving across a hill, which very naturally can move rapidly (the 'beam' causes the UAP report). 5 Power Light emission occurs when excited molecules or ionised atoms re-combine (or relax), with a sharp increase when the electrons are stopped at the path end, when the electrons are stopped, in the E₁₀ mode, for example. At the path end, when the electrons are stopped, in the E₁₀ mode, for example. The power of an ionospheric plasma 'beam' is estimated as between 0.3 and 3kW. A long-lived aerosol cloud forming a UAP would typically be above aircraft altitude i.e. normally above 15Km (short- lived ones can occur lower). The power of reflected light will vary through the volume (because of the renewal of particles as the cloud moves). This will give rise to a reactive force with will maintain its motion. 6 Radar Echoes Radar echoes can be obtained due to the conductivity of the ionised air. The light emitting layer, caused by the electrons, is probably a few tens of metres in height. In some instances, this would be well above the maximum range capability of typical terrestrial search radars, and beyond the slant range of most interecept radars. Detection of UAP from No 5 and at Volume 3. 21-2
FIGURE 1: CONDITIONS FOR IONOSPHERIC PLASMA FORMATION 21-3
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 22
ARTEFACTS
Para Page
'Angel Hair' 1 22-1
Metallic Artefacts 2 22-1
Summary 3 22-1
17 February 1999 i xxxxxxxxx S.40'ANGEL HAIR' 1 It is believed that this fibrous material resembling filaments, spider webs or candy-floss-like streamers is formed by reciprocal attraction between polarised dust particles. Sometimes the material is sticky. It can be carried large distances before being deposited and has been likened to long chaff and has even been named 'spacegraas'. It can leave a smoky or musty deposit. The thin filaments appear to be an electrostatic precipitation of atmospheric dust, which is unstable, which eventually disintegrates and vanishes. On at least one occasion a UK witness has collected what was probably 'angel hair' in a jar, believing it to have come from a 'UFO' which 'hovered at the bottom of his garden'. The author of this report personally observed this material drifting in a light breeze in Norfolk on a hot but breezy summer's day in 1997. METALLIC ARTEFACTS 2 Although no such artefacts have been found in the UKADR, it is claimed in Russia and Ukraine that items have been scientifically analysed. The results are not known. The Russians, like the USA, have never produced the artefacts which are claimed by some media reports to have been found. This seems to be quite extraordinary in view of the fact that it would be reasonable to expect that this might solve the extra-terrestrial hypothesis of 'UFO' origins once and for all. The Brazilian claim of 'extra-pure aluminium' artefacts was not sustainable after analysis. have not been shown to be of unknown elements. It is a fact that some materials have entered the earth's atmosphere as a result of meteor activity and have survived to impact. Analysis has shown nothing to connect these with any type of flying vehicle or threat. MOD does not hold any such material. SUMMARY 3 No proven tangible artefacts have been obtained by the public for display, or shown by governments to exist. The metallic materials analysed scientifically 22-1
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
WORKING PAPER NO. 23
LINKED VORTEX RINGS
Para Page
LINKED VORTEX RINGS 1 23-1
Experimental Vortices 2 23-1
Challenger Spacecraft Video Recording 4 23-1
17 February 1999 i xxxxxxxxx S.40LINKED VORTEX RINGS 1 Quite apart from the possibility of water spouts, dust eddies, whirlwinds and similar atmospheric vortex phenomena, which can be reported as UAPs, there is the possibility of linked vortex rings, such as those filmed from the US spacecraft Challenger on its post-launch ascent. It is suggested that aerial formations of this type (which can be related to the UK sightings) may be related to the UK sightings) may be related to the UK sightings of the type shown at Working Paper No 11, Figures 2 to 7. 2 Experimental Vortices Experimental work has been done¹ on linked vortex rings and the phenomenon has been modelled. Initially the vortex rings are formed separately. Under certain conditions, when collisions occur, linking is possible of distinctively separate rings. Some results shown at Figures 1(a) and (b). The appearance of linked vortices to an observer clearly depends: - The viewing aspect - The relative position of the viewing light source 3 If the ring assembly is rotating slowly then the component strands might be visible. The Challenger example cited shows the complex component strands (which, overall, could be described as being contained in a cylindrical volume) rotating (rolling) about its radius at an estimated rate of about 50-60 times a minute. However, if the structure was not rotating and viewed, for example, end-on, it would appear as either a solid ball, reflecting light according to the scattering of its component particles or as a dark spherical silhouette if between the sun (or light source, such as light cloud background) and the observer. 4 Challenger Spacecraft Video Recording The few extant reports on this topic (which were erroneously connected with the Challenger incident) only because the Department had collected open-source material on this space-launch as a records check, it is noted that the video footage taken by the Challenger crew seems to be very similar indeed to a number of UAP reports received by the Department. Some examples are at Figure 2. Unfortunately the imagery taken from the video does not do justice to the original, which can clearly be seen 'rolling', or 'tumbling', as described above. 5 No attempt has been made in this brief investigation to correlate the 'linked vortex' postulation with the conditions for their formation in the atmosphere or of a possible combination of this effect with an electrical/charged particle or EM field effect. ¹ 'Linking of Vortex Rings' Aref and Zawadzki. Nature Vol 354 Nov 1991. 23-1
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [Figure showing 9 illustrations of linked vortex rings in various configurations, arranged in a 3x3 grid] FIGURE 1(a): LINKED VORTEX RINGS 23-2 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED [Figure showing 8 illustrations of linked vortex rings in various configurations, arranged in a 4x2 grid, labeled a through d on each side] FIGURE 1(b): LINKED VORTEX RINGS 23-3 UK RESTRICTED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [Black and white photograph showing a luminous curved/loop-shaped object against a dark background] FIGURE 2: ROTATING/TUMBLING OBJECT (CHALLENGER SPACECRAFT) UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED
SECRET
UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
WORKING PAPER NO. 24
'SPRITES', 'ELVES' AND 'BLUE JETS'
(ATMOSPHERIC AND IONOSPHERIC PHENOMENA)
Para Page
INTRODUCTION 1 24-1
SPRITES 2 24-1
Measurements 4 24-1
Effect on RF Propagation 7 24-2
TERRESTRIAL GAMMA FLASHES 8 24-2
BLUE JETS 9 24-2
POSSIBLE UAP LINKS 10 24-2
EXTERNAL ENERGISATION 11 24-2
OBSERVATION OF SPRITES 12 24-3
17 February 1999 i XXXXXXXXX S.40
UK RESTRICTED
SECRET
UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED SPRITES, ELVES AND BLUE JETS INTRODUCTION 1. Three types of transient optical luminous vertically-orientated phenomena have been observed at high altitudes above thunderstorms: 'Elves' at roughly 90km, which is an enhanced airglow, 'Sprites', a reddish glow from 50-90km and an upward-moving bluish beam above the anvil cloud tops, known as 'Jets', below 40km. Large area multi-cell thunderstorms lead to the formation of vertically-orientated cylindrical structures of gravity waves closely resembling those observed in optical emissions associated with transient luminous glows. These are believed to occur as a result of transfer of large amounts of charge (from clouds at altitudes of 5-(10km) to the ground. Apart from the visual effects, these charge transfers are known to generate upper ELF Band signals (>300kHz). The Sprite path can also be located at high altitudes between the ionosphere and cloud tops. The luminous emission at low altitude is red. The likely explanation is gas breakdown by the electrical electromagnetic fields of lightning discharges. Some Sprite 'bluish tendrils' were observed to extend down to 20-30km altitude. Horizontal magnetic field variations have also been observed in the frequency range of the earth-ionosphere cavity resonances. These phenomena have been studied recently in the USA, Germany and in the Antarctic. SPRITES 2. Sprites are the older known phenomenon, first being reported 100 years ago. They last tens of milliseconds and can thus be sensed by the human eye. They are sometimes described as 'fan shaped' or 24-1 UK RESTRICTED SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED 'carrot-like' in shape. They can extend laterally for several kilometres. Other observers have reported 'upward forks', due to divergence of the streamers. 3. Electric field discontinuities can occur over stratiform clouds at 10-16km altitude and this is believed to be due to the positive ground-to-cloud discharges. Satellite-based instruments have also detected gamma-ray flashes (see para. 7, below). Current theories suggest that Sprites, Gamma-ray Flashes and Blue Jets are all types of discharge produced by a run-away air breakdown. 4. Measurements A TV slit spectrograph recently recorded 25 events and measured optical wavelengths in a band from 540 to 840μm, including other measures have spanned from 436-850 nanometres. The fleeting columns of luminosity have also been imaged by CCD cameras. Sprites are found to have a bright core less than 2km in horizontal dimension; they followed the associated lightning (below the (cumulonimbus) cloud) within a few milliseconds, and rose to peak intensity at 0 to 3 ms, fading a few tens of milliseconds later. Sprites can easily be observed from aircraft and from the ground, and have been seen from spacecraft. POSSIBLE UAP LINKS 10. Although the field 'trigger' levels and current flows involved in finally ionising the atmosphere to produce sprites and blue jets in visible form are large (assuming all other field conditions and particle conditions are ready), it is postulated that a situation could exist where the charged atmospheric field types are at the point of transition in which an added potential might cause a trigger to occur. This is a vehicle for being reported because a ship's Master reported a visual UAP event when his radar was first switched on (at sea). It is often reported that, since this occurred on a merchant ship, that the RF was I Band (standard 9375MHz maritime search). EXTERNAL ENERGISATION 11. The phenomenon is a gas ionisation process for which, when the right threshold conditions exist an additional charge is required to trigger the event. It is believed that, for example, a remote, rather than close-by, lightning charge could find the pre-charged volume and cause the glow to be triggered. A short bibliography is at the end of this paper. Since the initial quantification of the effect is quite recent, the following key attributes are taken from the best available (ie most relevant to this study) published papers. Further work would be needed to confirm the postulation that a radar (or laser in some cases) could cause the ionisation to occur, thus making a pre-charged but hitherto invisible mass become visible to the human eye. Although the possibility might be linked with sprites/blue jets it is recognised that the 'added' energy available from terrestrial (or airborne) sources will be tiny in comparison with the huge energy levels in electrical storms. However, the principle is established that any highly charged gas could finally reach ionisation point by the 24-2 UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
addition of extra energy. Hence, it does not seem unreasonable that if swamp-gases, (if they are a component of earthlights), or even incompletely formed ball-lightning, might react to the addition of external energy. This, it is suggested, might account for the so-named 'close-encounters of the fifth kind', where it is claimed by ufologists that an airborne visual object appears to respond to, or be modified, by probing it with a terrestrial beam of energy. Since the shipping incident described at para. 11 above, was at I Band, the implications are that this is at least possible with I Band military radars (e.g. Air Intercept Radar) if the critical atmospheric conditions exist.
OBSERVATION OF SPRITES
12. It is clear that a visible and measurable phenomenon of red (Sprites), possible with blue offshoots ('tendrils') or blue (Blue Jet) columns exist, and that they can be seen:
- From aircraft, in particular, because they appear where high-flying aircraft are likely to be.
- Above thunderstorms.
- On occasions from ground-level when the cloud-breaks allow a sight-line.
The phenomena appear for a few milliseconds and could be reported as UAPs. Working Paper No. 4 confirms that the human eye will detect and possibly retain an after-image on the retina. Finally, they can be 'triggered' by a radar in the vicinity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
[1] Cummer S.A. & Inan U.S. "Measurement of Charge Transfer in Sprite-Producing Lightning..." Geo. Phys. Res. Letters Vol. 24 p 1731-4 15 July 1997.
[2] Nemicoff et al. "Full Wave Calculation of 30 VLF/ LF Wave Fields Radiated from a Lightning Discharge" ISAP 1996 Proc. 1996 Int. Symp. Ant. & Prop.
[3] Milikh et al. "Model of Red Sprite Optical Spectra" Geo Pages Res. Letters Vol. 24 15 Apr. 97.
24-3
UK RESTRICTED
SECRETSECRET
UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
DIS SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 55/2/00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
WORKING PAPER NO. 25
OVERVIEW OF MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS ON HUMANS
Para Page
INTRODUCTION 1 25-1
NEUROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS 4 25-2
Temporal Lobe Activity 5 25-2
Magnetic Flux Levels 10 25-3
KEY FINDINGS 14 25-4
COMPARISON WITH EARTH'S NATURAL MAGNETIC FIELD 19 25-5
January, 00 i XXXXXXXXXX S.40
UK RESTRICTED
SECRET
UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED OVERVIEW OF MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS ON HUMANS INTRODUCTION 1. As a result of research (and ignoring man-made air-objects which are frequently mis-reported as UAP) and other natural though exceptional meteorological phenomena, such as cloud formations, there appears to be four types of electrical charge-related formations that can occur in the atmosphere, covered in the Working Papers Nos. 1,2,10,19 & 21. - Ball Lightning - Ionospheric Plasmas - Earthlights - Electrically-charged Aerosols It is known that visible and invisible fields can be sensed when close to a UAP. In the absence of any other postulations it is assumed that the fields are electromagnetic or magnetic (or both) in nature. Further away from the object only the emissions in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum are sensed, as is frequently the case by human observers, photographic, film and video camera detectors. The results summarised are those of medical experiments in which the aim was to study the human brain response to external fields, particularly in the area of epilepsy. There is no UAP connection given in the scientific papers. The connection is made here, because of the apparent relevance to this study. 2. The fields investigated for medical purposes in Canada have several common characteristics, and the scenario which, in 25-1 UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
Range Power Power
(m) at at
Observer Source
(m Gauss) (m Gauss)
1 1 1
1 1 25
10 1 100
20 1 400
25 1 625
NEUROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO
MAGNETIC FIELDS
4. On several occasions Persinger, et al [1], carried out measurements on volunteers to assess the (medical/neurological) response to low-frequency magnetic fields, while making concurrent EEG pattern readings on the subjects. In 1990 18 male and 18 female volunteers (University Students) with ages ranging from 18 to 23 years were exposed to 9Hz, 4Hz, and 16Hz fields, plus a sham (control) field. The field strength was varied 0.2mG to 1.0mG (100nT) and pulsed at both polarisations. The fields were generated by solenoids (ref, via a filter circuit, with square waves. The resulting imaging effect was caused by the successive rising and falling edges of the square wave and the components 0.1μf, 5.19mH and 5.2Ω resulted in an impulse, with duration <0.1msec. The experimental decrease returned to zero polarity within 0.1msec, proceeded through a maximum reversed polarity at 0.6msec
and then returned to the zero condition at 1.0msec. Thus, the amplitude of the maximum reversed polarity was 1/6 of the initial rise peak, with a positive and negative mirror at the beginning of each wave. Hence (in the first test case) a 4Hz square wave passed through the circuit, generated 4 initially positive and 4 negative pulses per second. The test chamber was opaque to any other radio interference.
5. Temporal Lobe Activity A significant temporal lobe activity was registered. These areas are the most electrically labile of the human brain. It was demonstrated that people who already possess high levels of activity in this area are likely to experience:
- Mystical or paranormal activities
- Fear
- 'Out of body' activities
- Tingling or vibration.
6. The psychological profile of such people is that they are naturally disposed towards inordinate interests in poetry, mystical or the paranormal, philosophical (religious) and a sense of special purpose, infrequent unusual or unusual events (such as transient social or astronomical events) acquire a special personal meaning. There are strong connections between temporal lobe response activity and epilepsy.
25-2
UK RESTRICTEDUNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED the only influence present - the magnetic fields. 8. Two further important factors are noted: - No artefacts were present in the test area to visually suggest themes (for example a space theme is known to evoke 'alien' presence, a reflection artifact is known to evoke reflections on the figure of the person within a room) - Elaborations and ruminations are known to depend on the personality of the person. People who display frequent temporal lobe signs understand more frequent and intense experiences. The former was circumvented by placing the subjects in a plain chamber with low intensity red lighting. The second was, to an extent, reduced by taking an adequate population sample. 9. Instrumentation placed on the subject's head measured the temporal lobe bipolar electromyoencephalographic activity. Test results (see para 12-15) with separate experiments with 85 volunteers, described at paper[1], below) are contained in Table 1. There was a general increase in all classes of experience when the fields were at 4Hz and 9Hz, compared with 16Hz (and sham) values. It was noted that people who display more intuition (than sensing), perceiving (than judging) and feeling (than thinking), tend to display enhanced temporal lobe signs. The intensity of the spinning and tingling were less than the other 'symptoms' reported. 10. In 1991 Persinger et al continued their neurological experiment, with human subjects. This time they were exposed to spatially-rotated complex magnetic fields (aimed across the temporal lobes of the brain. It was discovered that the fields markedly increased the interaction with the brain. Exposure resembles Several field frequencies and pulse patterns were used. The results indicate that a person's temporal lobe profile affects the types and intensities of experience reported when exposed for short periods to fields of this type. The full list of 'symptoms' produced is shown at the figures in Table 1. They appear to be amazingly similar to those reported by people who have had close encounters with a UAP. The waves used in the Table are those reported by the 85 male and female volunteers (20 to 37 years). 11. Magnetic Flux Levels The magnetic field strength was 1mG (100nT). A 16Hz pulsed wave generated more experiences of thought intrusion than a 4Hz wave. A 1Hz sine feedback ringing (also at 4Hz) evoked more visual memories and image than the mirror image of the same wave. The effects included vivid visual sensations, memory fragments, a sense of intense meaning, intrusion of ideas or images, mystical experiences and alterations of boundaries defining 'self'. 12. It was deduced that an applied magnetic wave would only be minimally effective (compared with the filtered square wave used) unless the 25-3 UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED current densities are sufficient to produce potentially dangerous disruptions in neuronal assemblies. 13. During the experiments the 1Hz to 1kHz magnetic ambient background level was 0.025mG (2.5nT) and hence was negligible. The rotating magnetic field was either applied in a ringing or in a 'polar burst' of plasmas with the ability to backscatter in the VHF/MF RF Bands. The sprite plasma conducting columns are known to be a few per second rotated once every two seconds. The research showed, once again, that the phenomenological profile of a person within the experimental setting is a function of his (or her) temporal lobe activity, and the demand characteristics of the setting and the magnetic field patterns. 14. The conclusions of the experiments showed that: - Magnetic fields, rotated bilaterally once every two seconds (over the subject's temporal region) evoked stronger and more frequency experiences than when the field was static. - Moving yellowish-green and purplish lights were only reported when the field was 'ON'. - The only 'frequency-specific' effect (within the 4-16Hz range used) was in the enhanced number of thought intrusions when at 16Hz, rather than at 4Hz. - Smells were reported (when clearly there were none in the test-chamber in reality). - Normal people, placed in exotic introspective-oriented settings, report experiences that suggest temporal lobe signs and symptoms. - There is some suggestion that effects might be cumulative. - The sensitivity of time response as well as what is 'seen or felt' is likely to be conditioned by the subject's personality. 15. In 1996 another experiment was made[3] when another 33 subjects were exposed to four test conditions, a control (sham), left lobes, right lobes, and both left and right together. The field level was 10mG (1 microT) and with 1mG (or 0.1 microT) applied on the other side. Exposure periods lasted 15 minutes (Three segments of five mins on, five mins off). The objective was to increase long term memory effects. The group whose left hemispheres had been exposed exhibited approximately twice the number of accurate ideas relative to other test conditions. The results show that the concept of the 'signature', or the 'information' within a magnetic field may be more important than its intensity. KEY FINDINGS 16. The key question is what does this all mean in the UAP context? The 25-4 UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED following observations are considered important. (a) As seen at Table 1 the effects on a human of weak magnetic fields, used for the neurological experiments described, are uncannily similar to those reported by witnesses who have had 'close encounters' with a UAP. The effects experienced depend upon the phenomenological profile of the person. (b) If a human brain is affected in this particular way it seems that a UAP might be emitting similar levels of magnetic energy since it produces the same effect on an observer. (c) In the wider context the 'alien', 'time', 'lost', 'spaceship' and other descriptions only ever occur when the observer is very close to the UAP - implying that the human is probably within the UAP near-field. Horizontal magnetic (or electro magnetic) emissions are given off in every direction, but at least some fall within the energy levels given, at the point where they can reach the observer. Clearly, if the observer is some distance away, to achieve an adequate level the source must be greater and attenuated by the time it magnetically couples with the subject. (d) A magnetic field is not the only emission from a UAP, as visible colour emissions are seen by observers at all distances and, on occasions heat is also reported. A spectrum of emissions is, reportedly, present during the medical experiments carried out. The magnetic field strengths used on the human volunteers, although low, had a dramatic effect. It seems likely that very much stronger source fields must emanate from UAPs if: - The memory effects last longer. - The magnetic energy is, reportedly, sufficient to disrupt electronic and electrical equipment, some metres from the UAP. 17. The magnetic field from a UAP could be directional (even highly so) - hence relative aspect of an observer or equipment nearby, to peaks and nulls of magnetic field, might also determine the local effects. The orientation (left or right temporal lobes) of both of the humans to the received direction might be critical. 18. With reference to Table 1 it should be noted that these responses were obtained in a test chamber with zero visual stimulation. If the subject was confronted with a visual stimulation in the form of a nearby UAP it can easily be appreciated how the 25 responses listed could, however unwillingly, fit into an 'extra-terrestrial' scenario in the mind of the subject. It is clear that the effect could 25-5 UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED be sufficiently vivid as to be so real to the witness(es) concerned to warrant a UAP report to the authorities. In 20 out of 25 instances the reports due to the magnetic fields in the test chamber tally with effects felt and reported during close proximity to a UAP. Close encounters are infrequent; witnesses at greater distances do not report these effects. It seems logical to conclude that they are at a range where the field energy is negligible. If the effect is caused purely by a magnetic field, then it seems possible that the field exists between the UAP and earth, with the flux lines 'leaking' to earth sensibly mostly beneath the object, with some fringing effects. COMPARISON WITH THE EARTH'S NATURAL MAGNETIC FIELD 19. Working Paper No. 12 briefly reports on the natural magnetic field to which every citizen is exposed. It is noted that this amounts (average at mid latitude for the UKADR) to a gamma field value of about 48,850. [Also expressed as 0.485 Gauss or 48,500n Tesla]. Hence, as noted at para 4 above, the bio-magnetic field was only 100nT (i.e. nearly 500 times less than the natural field). The key observation is that although being weak in comparison, unlike the earth's field, the experimental field was pulsed/rotated. It therefore seems possible that fields produced by one or more plasma types listed at paragraph 1 above, and for example, a plasma conceptually produced by a 'noted' energy source may also 'pulse' (though, of course, not necessarily at the same rate observed visually, where witnesses very close to UAP events 25-6 UK RESTRICTED
UNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
Experience Number Magnetic Field % of Occasions Reported UAP
Experiments Effect Correlates
1 'Felt Dizzy or Odd'[5] 80 *
2 'Felt presence of
someone or
something'[6] 36 *
3 'Felt Tingling
Sensations' 76 *
4 'Saw Vivid Images'[6] 65 -
5 'There were pleasant
vibrations' 67 -
6 'I felt as if I had left
my own body
(detached from)' 46 *
7 'I experienced anger' 20 [7]
8 'I heard a ticking
sound' 50 *
9 'There were odd
smells' 9 *
10 'There were odd
tastes in my mouth' 13 *
11 'I felt as though I was
somewhere else' 69 *
12 'Experienced
childhood thoughts' 42 [7]
13 'Some idea kept
recurring' 77 *
14 'Felt as though
spinning' [6] *
25-7
UK RESTRICTEDUNCLASSIFIED
UK RESTRICTED
Experience Number Magnetic Field % of Occasions Reported UAP
Experiments Effect Correlates
16 'Dream-like images' 32 ✓
17 'Lights varied in
intensity' 16 ✓
18 'Experienced fear or
terror' 40 ✓
19 'I felt the experiences
did not come from
my own mind' 20 ✓
20 'I cannot move' [6] ✓
21 'Colours blue-
purple'[2] [6] ✓
22 'Colours yellow-
golden'[3] [6] ✓
23 'red-yellow'[II] [6] ✓
24 'I am moving
forward through a
closed space on all
sides' [6] ✓
25 'Floating' [6] ✓
Notes [1] "I see something mechanical turning round and round"
[2] "I am flying in the sky"
[3] "I see bats and birds flying"
[4] "There is something in here with me"
[5] "Colours are seen in order, first No. 21, then 22, then 23".
[6] No percentages were given in the results published.
[7] The experiences 7, 8, 13 are not observed in any UK UAP reports. It is,
of course, possible that these responses are suppressed by the fact that
(unlike the medical experiments) UAP witnesses are additionally
confronted with the strong visual stimulus of a steady or fluctuating bright
white or coloured object in close proximity.
TABLE 1: CORRELATION OF MAGNETIC EXPERIMENTS AND UAP REPORTS
25-8
UK RESTRICTEDUNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED [Graph showing signal amplitude vs time in millisecs, with three waveforms labeled a, b, and c. The x-axis shows POINT x (TIME) from 0 to 290, with markers at approximately 40, 80, 120 (marked as 125), 160, 200 (marked as 209), 250, and 290. The y-axis shows AMPLITUDE. Three distinct waveform patterns are visible: waveform 'a' at the top shows irregular oscillations, waveform 'b' in the middle shows smoother wave patterns, and waveform 'c' at the bottom shows burst/pulse patterns.] FIGURE 1: RINGING & BURST MODE MAGNETIC MODULATIONS NOTE: HORIZONTAL SCALE IN MILLISECS 25-9 UK RESTRICTED
[page unreadable; original scan available via the document viewer above]