DISCLOSURE / FILE
NASA's Gemini IV experiment debriefing records the mission's orbit photography and EVA planning, then asks McDivitt and White how to interpret bright particles, glare, and possible sky objects seen from low Earth orbit.
NASA-UAP-D018, Gemini 4 Experiment Debriefing, 1967
NASA's Gemini IV experiment debriefing records the mission's orbit photography and EVA planning, then asks McDivitt and White how to interpret bright particles, glare, and possible sky objects seen from low Earth orbit.
NASA-UAP-D018 combines Gemini IV mission-planning material with a scientific debrief transcript focused on how astronauts saw, photographed, and interpreted visual phenomena from orbit. The operational papers date May 24 and June 1, 1965, and set GT-4 as a 62-revolution, 97-hour-50-minute mission with EVA, booster rendezvous, object photography, terrain photography, weather photography, and medical experiments. In the debrief section, the bright-particle discussion reads as an engineering explanation: the crew ties most visible crystals or flakes to spacecraft systems, urine dumps, water handling, the evaporator, and sunlit particles drifting past the windows. Page 101 adds the caution that scattered light from the sunlit nose, window film, and cockpit reflections could complicate daytime visual identification; one bright object seen during free drift remained unresolved as planet, star, or something else.
GT-4, the fourth in a series of twelve planned Gemini flights is scheduled to be launched from Complex 19 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on or after 3 June 1965.p.8
The 62 revolution mission will have a duration of approximately 97 hours and 50 minutes.p.8
Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot umbilical.p.3
These objects include the 2nd stage of the launch vehicle and natural celestial bodies such as the moon.p.14
and they look like they are going off spherically , fr om what you can see .p.80
'l'hey al vtay::; ri.pp -ar cd to l;e pl'1er i c;.1.l .p.81
I coul n ' t Le t.1 you wheth r it was r1 _ planet or whether it was a star or an.vt.hine: .p.101
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Action MAIL CODE NAME Approval Call Me Concurrence file Information Investigate and Advise NASA FORM 26 I • • AND SPACE ROUTING SLIP ADMINISTRATlo-1 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS ____.l ,Nmote and Forward Note and R_e_hl_rn ___ _ _ __jL , P;;,,-;R;:e::q::-u•=s�I::::.::_ _ ___ Per Teleph one Conversation _ _ __J__: R .. e,.c,ommendation See·Me Signature Circulate and De I s roy (fL 1 J 'I, h'.C.9-- � TEL. NO ( · or ,ode) & EXT. APR 69 PREVIOUS EDITIONS MAY BE USED
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Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 MEMORANDUM June 1, 1965 To A/Administrator From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) Additional Flight Activities Subsequent to the preparation of the GT-4 Mission Operation Report several new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight readiness. Consequently, three significant additional flight activities are now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are: extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic report. Enclosure: MOR No. 913-65-04 Change 1 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
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Action MAIL CODE NAME Approval Call Me Concurrence file Information Investigate and Advise NASA FORM 26 I • • AND SPACE ROUTING SLIP ADMINISTRATlo-1 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS ____.l ,Nmote and Forward Note and R_e_hl_rn ___ _ _ __jL , P;;,,-;R;:e::q::-u•=s�I::::.::_ _ ___ Per Teleph one Conversation _ _ __J__: R .. e,.c,ommendation See·Me Signature Circulate and De I s roy (fL 1 J 'I, h'.C.9-- � TEL. NO ( · or ,ode) & EXT. APR 69 PREVIOUS EDITIONS MAY BE USED
Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 MEMORANDUM June 1, 1965 To A/Administrator From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) Additional Flight Activities Subsequent to the preparation of the GT-4 Mission Operation Report several new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight readiness. Consequently, three significant additional flight activities are now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are: extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic report. Enclosure: MOR No. 913-65-04 Change 1 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
M-913-65-04 ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES Three additional special engineering and operational objectives are now planned for the first four orbits of the GT-4 Mission: 1. Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot umbilical. Potential future application includes crew transfer, in flight repair, and inspection of orbiting objects. 2. Demonstration of extravehicular maneuvering using a simple, one man propulsion unit. This device could be used with or without a spacecraft tether on future missions. 3. Demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. This activity wilI provide valuable early information and maneuvering procedures necessary to rendezvous with a target vehicle. Flashing lights identical to those designed for the Gemini/Agena Vehicle have been instaIled on the booster second stage for this test. The Flight Plan sequence involves post-launch separation from the launch vehicle, then maneuvering to stop the spacecraft separation velocity. The first two orbits wilI be flown with the spacecraft at distances less than one quarter of a mile from the launch vehicle. Nighttime separation will be sufficient to prevent the flashing lights from disturbing the pilot's visual dark adaptation. The first orbit will be occupied with operational checks of the spacecraft guidance, maneuvering, and environmental control systems. The pilots will utilize the second orbit to prepare for the extravehicular activity. This procedure involves unstowing and assembling a 25-foot umbilical, the emergency oxygen pack, a maneuvering unit, and the cameras. Over Hawaii, at daybreak, near the end of the second orbit, the cabin will be depressurized and Jim McDivitt will maneuver to within close proximity of the booster. At this point, the right hatch will be opened and Ed White will climb out and hold on the right forward portion of the spacecraft untiI McDivitt gives him a release command. Upon command, White wiII push off slowly and reorient himself with the hand-held maneuvering unit to face the booster. A 35-mm still camera (Zeiss-Contarex) mounted on the maneuvering unit will be used to photo graph the booster and spacecraft with various earth/sky backgrounds. After testing his ability to maneuver in a zero gravity environment, White will maneuver back toward the spacecraft and ingress. The total time separated from the spacecraft will be approximately 10 minutes. He will be inside with the cabin repressurized by the time the spacecraft posses over Ascension Island on the start of the third orbit. Shortly ofter passing Ascension, McDivitt wilI maneuver ahead of the booster with 5 feet per second separation velocity. Because this maneuver places the spacecraft in a higher altitude and longer period orbit than the booster, it will rise above and fall behind the booster. One orbit later, the spacecraft 6/1/65 Page 1
M-913-65-04 will trail 16 miles behind the booster. At this point, a spacecraft retardation maneuver of 13 feet per second will initiate the visual rendezvous sequence. The spacecraft will approach the booster from behind and below. Because of unknown variation in the atmospheric density and drag of the slowly tumbling booster, the exact approach trajectory cannot be predicted. The flight crew will measure elevation angles of the booster and wil I initiate rendezvous maneuvers when the booster is approximately 45 degrees elevation angle a bove the spacecraft. By observing the movement of the booster with respect to the star background and with respect to the spacecraft inertia l platform display , the crew can determine the proper lateral maneuver to null the lateral component of velocity thereby resulting in a spacecraft velocity vector which is directly toward the booster. After removing the lateral velocity difference, the pilot will apply a series of breaking maneuvers with the forward firing thrusters to reduce the closing velocity. The flight crew will measure with onboard instruments the total maneuvering velocity required for the rendezvous procedure. The spacecraft should be back in close proximity of the launch vehicle over the Northeast coast of South America at the beginning of the fifth orbit. After the rendezvous operation is complete, the spacecraft will again separate from the booster - this time using a maneuver which will place the Gemini spacecraft on an orbit with a predicted lifetime of four days. The EVA suit is the new G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used so successfully by the GT-3 flight crew. The G4C suit has the following new features: a. Helmet - incorporation of triple lens shield (visors) for visual, thermal, impact, and micrometeorite protection. b. Torso - 1. Change to Nomex (HT-1) 11 Linknet 11 in restraint layer for increased structure I strength. 2. Incorporation of strain relief zipper in sealing closure. 3. Incorporation of redesigned ventilation inlet and outlet fittings with automatic locking and redundant sealing features. 4. Replace Nomex (HT-1) coverlayer with integrated thermal and mi crometeori ty cover layer. c. Gloves - Incorporate new design with increased mobility, abrasion resistance and thermal protection. d. Bio-connector - Self-alighment, pin protective design. 6/1/65 Page 2
M-913-65-04 Figure 1 depicts the principal physical differences between the old G3C suit and the new EVA G4C suit. Figure 2 shows that with one visor down on the new G4C helmet, there is practi ca I ly no attenutation of Ii ght entering, whereas Figure 3 shows that with two of the visors down there is a noticeable difference in the amount of light that enters the astronaut's eyes. With the third visor down, there would be a similar decrease in the amount of I ight al lowed to enter the helmet. The multivarious layers of materials used in the EVA G4C suits are delineated in Figure 4. It should be noted that the old G3C suit consisted only of the pressure and restraint layers of Figure 4 with the HT -1 nylon outer protective layer. The EVA spacesuit has received the following qualifi cation tests: FIG. G-4C OVER VISOR SPACE HELMET 6/1/65 Page 3
____ • M-913-65-04 G-4C OVERVISOR SPACE HELMET FIG. 3 G-4C EXTRAVEHICULAR SUIT HH NYLON OUITR ~6~ ~ T~~ ~~~} ~~~;:) USE: WEAR AND S OLAR REFLECTANCE 7 LAYE RS ALUMIN IZE O MYLAR SE PARATED BY 7 L AYCAS U N WOVE N DACRON SPAC ERS THERMAL AND MICROMETEOROID LAYERS HH NYLON I NNER MICROr,,'tn OR OID STOPPER LAYERS !EAC H 6. 8 OZ/YD2 WH IT [ I US E : WEAR ANO MICR0~,1£TEO ROI D PRO TE CT ION PRESSURE AND RESTRAINT LAYERS r---- - COTTON CONSTANT "[AR ~Ng~~;:r~~m OXFORD NYLOt-i COf.JORT LAY.R 11 oz,vo 2 swu PRCSSURE LAYER NEOPRE~E COATEO NYLON 11-1·2ozvo21 RESTRAINT lAVlR UM( NH DACRON Al.;Q HflO~ u-J 4 oz vo 21 FIG. 4 6/1/65 Page 4
M-913-65-04 a. Leakage b. Proof pressure c. 02 compatibility d. Ejection envelope e. Cold temperature f. Rapid decompression g. Life cycling h. Visor testing Should the 25-foot long tether fail in some manner, the pilot will be carrying a chestpack that has been compatibility qualified with the G4C suit and con sists principally of an emergency oxygen bottle with automatic valving. It should be emphasized that both the primary and backup flight crews have undergone 40 minutes cabin depressurization with the hatches open at a simulated altitude of 150,000 feet in the chambers at McDonnell, St. Louis during which time they practiced opening and closing the hatches, taking pictures, and other actions that will take place during EVA. The extravehicular maneuvering will be accomplished using a zero g Integral Propulsion (ZIP) Unit as shown in Figure 5. This device is handheld and accomplishes propulsion by jetting oxygen out through a single forward firing nozzle and two aft firing nozzles as selected and aimed by the operator. It includes a camera mounted for convenient extravehicular photography. FIG. 5 6/1/65 Page 5
Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 MEMORANDUM May 24, 1965 To A/Administrator From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) GT-4, the fourth in a series of twelve planned Gemini flights is scheduled to be launched from Complex 19 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on or after 3 June 1965. This wi 11 be the second manned Gemini mission and the longest ever attempted by a two-man crew. The purpose of the mission is to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days. The nominal launch time is 10 a.m. EDT (1400 GMT). The space vehicle is to be launched on an azimuth of 72 degrees and the spacecraft wi 11 be inserted into an initial orbit of 87-161 N.M. at an orbital inclination of 32.5 degrees. The 62 revolution mission will have a duration of approximately 97 hours and 50 minutes. The primary and backup flight crews are of the "new generation, 11 being members of the second group of astronauts. James A. McDivitt will be the command pilot and Edward H. White, II will be the pilot. Because the duration of the flight is one of the most significant aspects of their mission, the post- flight activities will involve expanded medical evaluation as compared with previous missions, including at least 24 hours aboard the recovery aircraft carrier, the USS WASP. After conducting various orbital maneuvers and the thirteen experiments during the four-day mission, the spacecraft wi 11 reenter and touchdown approximately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda for a water landing and carrier retrieval. Enclosure MOR Noo M-913-65-04 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Report No. M-913-65-04 MISSION OPERATION REPORT GEMINI FLIGHT NUMBER FOUR (GT-4) OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
FOREWORD MISSION OPERATION REPORTS are published expressly for the use of NASA General Management as required by the Administra tor in NASA Instruction 6-2-10 dated August 15, 1963 . The pur pose of these reports is to provide NASA General Management with timely, complete and definitive information on flight mission plans and results from launchings with Scout class or larger vehicles. Initial reports are to be prepared and issued for each flight project just prior to launch. Following launch, updating reports for each mission will be issued to keep General Management currently in formed as provided in NASA Instruction 6-2-10. Distribution of these reports has been specifically directed by Gen eral Management and they are not available for additiona l or general distribution . The Office of Pub Iic Affairs pub Iishes a comprehensive series of pre-launch and post-launch reports on NASA flight missions which are available for general distribution. Pub Iishec and Distributed by OFFICE OF PROGRAM REPORTS OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C. 20546
Rtndczvous guidance & recovery system ____ _, 11 Ft 8 Ft Separation point Oxidizer tank •Equipment bay 27 Ft Stage 11 engine thrust chamber 108 Ft 10 Ft Oxidizer tank Stage I engine g1mbal point •Equipment bay contains: • Batteries· • Malfunction detection system IMOSI units • Range safe ty command control system • Programmer • Three-axis reference system !TARSI • Radio guidance system IRGSI • Autopilot • Instru mentation and telemetry system FIG. 5/24/65 M-913-65-04 GENERAL Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) is the second manned orbital flight in the Gemini Program and the fourth flight in a series of twelve planned to develop long-duration and rendezvous capability, docking techniques, extra-vehicular activities, and controlled reentry. The first three Gemini flights demonstrated: orbital insertion capability; spacecraft structural integrity; and spacecraft systems performance and crew accommodation qualities, respectively. This GT-4 mission is intended to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days, the longest ever flown by two astronauts. The space vehicle is depicted in Figure 1. MISSION OBJECTIVES PRIMARY • Demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the Gemini spacecraft systems for a period exceeding four days. • Evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure to the space environment on the two-man flight crew in preparation for missions of longer duration. SECONDARY • Demonstrate OAMS capability to perform retro fire backup. • Demonstrate the capability of the spacecraft and flight crew to make significant in-plane and out-of-plane maneuvers. • Conduct further evaluation of spacecraft systems as outlined below: 1 . Structure and thermo I protection 2. Environmental Control Systems (ECS) 3. Crew stations 4. Guidance and Control System 5. Orbital Attitude and Maneuver System (OAMS) • Execute the fol Iowing experiments: • D-1, Basic Object Photography • D-6, Surface Photography • D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft • D-9, Simple Navigation • M-3, In-Flight Exercises • M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram • M-6, Bone Demineralization • MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge Page 1
M-913-65-04 • MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer • MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer • MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos • S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography • S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography UNUSUAL TASKS OF THIS MISSION One of the interesting tasks of this mission is the duration of the flight. It will be the longest ever to be conducted by a two-man crew . Another highly interesting item is that control of the mission for the first time wil I be from the Mission Control Center (MCC) Houston. Some elements of the Mission Control Center at Cape Kennedy and the GSFC computing facility will be standing by as a backup during the launch phase. The computing facilities at GSFC will also be used as a backup to MCC-Houston during the orbital phase. Flight controllers will man the MCC in three shifts to give complete round-the-clock coverage of the four day mission. Crew control of reentry will be ac~omplished by tracking the roll needle rather than nulling the down-range and cross-range needles as on GT-3. The experiments will, of course, contribute much information for the scientific and medical communities. The G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used on GT-3 has the fol lowing new featu res: a triple overvisor, a redundant pressure closure seal (zipper), and thermal and meteoroid protection integrated in the outer cover layer. Abort procedures to be utilized by the astronauts in the unlikely event it becomes necessary for them to terminate. a mission before orbital insertion are different from those used in the Mercury program . In that program, the fireball that would have been created had a conflagration occurred on the pad, would have been large enough to ABORT PROCEDURES engulf an ejecting astronaut, so it was necessary to add an escape rocket to Iift the entire spacecraft free of the area. The GLV, on the other hand, uses self-igniting fuels which, upon mixing, create a fi reba II sma II enough so that the astronauts can eject from the spacecraft in much the same man ner as is done in today's high performance jet aircraft. This is called the Mode I abort pro cedure. The three abort modes are more fully defined by the altitude and elapsed time-after launch parameters depicted on Figure 2. FIG . 2 MOOE I - EJECT AfTEll SHUTDOWN MOOEll - SALVO RETROS AFTER SHUTDOWN MODE ID - SHUTDOWN, SE P ARATE, TURN AROUND, RETROFIRE -□~ OEIAYEO MOOE n (WA IT 5 SE CS ) 1 5,000FT. _ _ ____.____~--'<-+--~- ' ~' MOOE I 50 SE CONDS SEA LEVEL-----------''----L--'-- 5/24/65 Page 2
M-931-65-04 LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION The Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) has been modified by man-roting an Air Force Titan II missile. The GLV has two stages, the first 71 feet long and the second 18 feet long; both stages have a diameter of 10 feet. The gross loaded weight of the two stages is 337,521 pounds and they both burn storable hypergolic (self-igniting upon mixture) propellants. First stage thrust is approximately 430,000 pounds at sea level. Second stage thrust is approximately 100,000 pounds. The various systems of the GLV have been detailed in previous Gemini MOR 1 s and what follows is additional information concerning modifications made to GLV-4. The fuel dampener and oxidizer standpipe used to suppress longitudinal oscillations have been redesigned. Butt welding vice lapped joints have been utilized on the fuel tank conduits to eliminate minute cracks. Malfunction Detection System circuitry has been redesigned to provide separate indications of the subassembly thrust level and additional insulation has been applied to provide increased fire protection. Sixteen T/M readout points have been removed from the GLV because they are no longer required and one range safety circuit has been added to the destruct system interlocking AGE and the GLV motor driven switch control. This circuit will prevent switch cycling in the event that both set and reset signals are inadvertently applied during checkout. TABLE I PROJECT COST (In Millions) FY 62 FY 63 FY 64 FY 65 FY 66 FY 67 Total Spacecraft 30.3 205. 1 280.5 165.3 122.7 19. 1 823.0 Launch Vehicle 24.4 79. 1 122.7 115.4 88.6 8.5 438.7 Operational Support 0 1 4.9 15. 7 27.7 30.8 13.0 92.2 Total RD & 0 54.8 289. 1 418.9 308.4 242. 1 40.6 1353.9 This level of funding will provide for twelve Gemini Launch Vehicles, twelve space craft, seven Agena Target Vehicles, six Atlas booster missiles and the operational costs of flight testing and the associated Ground Support Equipment. SPACECRAFT The spacecraft is 18. 75 feet long and its two sections, a reentry module and an adapter section will weigh 7799 lbs. fully loaded with the astronauts onboard. The configuration will be the same as was flown on GT-3 except for the following: minor changes have been made to switch positions and nomenclature, three additional (total of six) adapter 5/24/65 Page 3
M-913-65-04 batteries will be required, radial thrusting TCA's and burst diaphragms in the 11 811 package that were removed for GT-3 are both installed on GT-4, and will act through the Spacecraft Centers of Gravity. An HF antenna has been added to the adapter section for orbital use and the HF transciever there has been removed. The C-band phase shifter now has its own inverter, the recovery flashing light can now be turned off during day I ight hours, the HF antenna on the cabin section has been redesigned, and the adapter $-band transponder in the adapter section has been replaced with a C-band transponder which will have a different pulse spacing from the one in the spacecraft. In the GT-4 mission S/C, urine wi 11 be dumped directly overboard from the urine bellows through a shut-off and selector valve, a solenoid valve and a heated line. Redundancy is provided by the capability to dump urine through the launch cooling heat exchanger (water boiler}. The main chute disconnect cartridge has been changed from a 22-second time delay to a zero second delay and new long-life attitude thrusters have been installed. EXPERIMENTS The 13 experiments are depicted and described on the following pages: 1. D-1, Basic Object Photography In conducting this experiment, the as tronauts will employ elaborate photo optical equipment to investigate the technical problems associated with observing, evaluating, and photo graphing objects in space. These objects include the 2nd stage of the launch vehicle and natural celestial bodies such as the moon. Data from this experiment will be used to evaluate the astronauts' ability to view and track objects, and to maintain object-camera orientation by maneuvering the spacecraft. Equipment which wi 11 be used is illustrated in Figure 3. D-1 BASIC OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY FIG. 3 5/24/65 Page 4
2. D-6, Surface Photography This experiment wi 11 investigate the technical problems associated with an astronaut's ability to acquire, track, and photograph terrestrial objects from a space craft with more elaborate photo opti ca I equipment than that used previously. The astronaut will photograph selected series of objects during day-side and night-side intervals of the flight using specified Iens-fi Im combi nations. The resulting data wi 11 be used to eva Iuate the astronaut's ability to maintain object-camera orientation by maneuvering the spacecraft. Figure 4 shows the camera mount installed on the spacecraft window. 3. D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft Data from this experiment will be used to supplement external radi ation measurements in studying the dose levels within the space craft resulting from passes through regions of varying radiation intensity. Two tissue-equivalent, current-mode ionization chambers wi 11 be used to measure the variation of absorbed dose-rate inside the spacecraft. Five small packets containing radia tion detection and measurement devices will be placed at various locations in the cabin to ascertain their suitability as convenient dosimeters of space radiation and measure total accumulated dose. Figure 5 shows some of the equipment to be used for this experiment. M-913-65-04 0-6 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY FIG. 4 D-8 RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT (PORTABLE UNIT) FIG. 5 5/24/65 Page 5
the manner in which this exercise wi 11 be performed. 5/24/65 Page 6 FIG. 7 4. D-9, Simple Navigation This experiment is designed to develop and test navigation pro cedures which employ a simple stadimetric device and a sextant to make sightings and measurements in space using the horizon and stars as references. Data from sightings wi 11 be used in compu tations to determine orbital parameters. These results wi 11 be compared with actual parameters to determine the accuracy of the procedures. The hand held sextant to be used is shown in Figure 6. 5. M-3, In-Flight Exerciser The purpose of this experiment is to assess the astronauts' capacity to perform physi ca I work under spacecraft conditions. Monitored exercise wil I be performed by the astronauts prior to the flight to establish control data. l· sotonic exercises employing a bungee cord and involving the arms and legs wi 11 be taken prior to and a.fter exercising. Pulse rate wil I be monitored continuously. The inflight data obtained wil I be compared with the control data to determine the· capacity for work in space. Figure 7 shows M-913-65-04 0-9 SIMPLE NAVIGATION HAND HELD SPACE SEXTANT MG5-8097 FIG. 6 M-3 IN-FLIGHT EXERCISER
6. M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram The purpose of this experiment is to measure the fatigue-stage of an astronaut's heart muscle during a long-duration flight. A microphone wi ll be applied to an astronaut's chest wal I at the cardiac apex. Heart sounds detected during the flight will be recorded on an on board biomedical recorder. The sound trace wi 11 be compared to the waveform obtained from a simultaneous infl ight electro cardiogram to determine the time interval between electrical activation of the heart muscle and the onset of ventricular systrole. Figure 8 illustrates the method of installation of the phono cardiogram transducer. 7. M-6, Bone Demineralization The purpose of this experiment is to establish the occurrence and degree of bone demi nera Ii zati on resulting from prolonged weightlessness during spaceflight. Spec ia I X-rays wi 11 be ta ken of an astronaut's heel bone and the terminal bone of the fifth digit of the right hand. Three pre flight and three postflight exposures wi 11 be taken of these two bones and compared to determine if any bone deminerali zation has occurred due to the space flight. Figure 9 i 11 ustrates the laboratory procedure which will be used for this experiment. M-913-65-04 M-4 IN-FLIGHT PHONOCARDIOGRAM PROTOTYPE PHONOCARDIOGRAM TRANSDUCER AND SIGNAL CONDITIONER FIG . 8 GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. M·& BONE DEMINERALIZATION ESTABLISH DEGREE PURPOSE OF BONE DETERIORATION EQUIPMENT STANDARD X-RAY WEIGHT N / A VOLUME N/ A PRE AND POST PROCEDURE FLIGHT x-RAY LOCATION N/ A i " ' MG4-1886 FIG. 9 5/24/65 Page 7
8. MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge Before rendezvous missions are attempted, an investigation must be made of the possibility of inadvertent ignition of pyrotechnics and other detri - menta I effects due to discharge of electrostatic charge potentials during rendezvous. In this experiment, an electrostatic potential meter, which protrudes through the wa 11 of the space - craft adapter assembly, wi 11 be used to detect and measure any accumulated electrostatic charge that may be created on the surface of the spacecraft by ionization from engine exhaust. This do ta wi 11 be a no Iyzed to determine if the charge is adequate to create a rendezvous hazard. Fig ure 10 shows the detector instal lotion. 9. MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer This experiment is designed to measure the quantity and energy of protons and electrons present immediately exterior to the orbiting spacecraft. This wil I be accomplished by means of a scintillating-crystal, charged particle analyzer mounted on the adapter assembly of the spacecraft. Data from this experiment wil I be used to correlate radiation measure - ments made inside the space craft and to predict radiation levels on future space missions. The proton electron spectrometer instal lotion is shown in Figure 11 . MSC-1 ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE FIG. 10 M-913-65-04 MSC-2 PROTON ELECTRON SPECTROMETER FIG. 11 5/24/65 Page 8
M-913-65-04 10. MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer In this experiment, the direction and magnitude of the earth's magnetic field with respect to the spacecraft will be measured. A tri-axis fluxgate magneto - meter, mounted in the adapter assembly of the spacecraft wi 11 be used. The equipment instal lo tion is shown in Figure 12. - 11. MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos The astronaut wil I obtain photo graphs of the earth's limb using a hand-held camera, black and white film, and a special filter mosaic which will allow each picture to be taken partly through a red filter and partly through a blue filter. After the flight, the negative will be subjected to careful measure ments, and the resulting data will be used in statistical analyses to evaluate the limb radiance. These studies will be used to determine if the sun-lit earth's limit can be reliably observed in the short visible or near-ultraviolet spectral region. The camera to be used for this experiment is shown in Figure 13. MSC-3 TRI-AXIS MAGNETOMETER MSC-10 TWO-COLOR EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS MG5·8105 FIG. 13 FIG. 12 5/24/65 Page 9
12. S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography The objective of this experi ment is to obtain high quality photographs of selected parts of the earth's surface. The spa1.,c:craft will be manually oriented from an orbit mode attitude to a moderately high camera depression angle attitude. After a series of photographs has been taken, the spacecraft will be reoriented to the orbit mode attitude. Four spacecraft orientation maneuvers will be required during which approxi mately 40 pictures will be taken over areas of the United States. Figure 14 shows one of the photos taken by Gordon Cooper which is similar to the terrain photographs planned . 13. S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography The objective of this experi ment is to learn more about the earth's weather systems by obtaining high quality photo graphs of selected cloud for mations. As in experiment S-5, the spacecraft will be oriented from an orbit mode attitude to a moderately high camera depression angle attitude. After a series of photographs has been taken, the spacecraft wi 11 be reoriented to the orbit mode attitude. Approximately 10 orientation maneuvers will be required during which approximately 40 pictures will be taken. The photograph shown in Figure 15 taken by Gordon Cooper is similar to those planned on this flight. 5/24/65 M-913-65-04 GEMINI DPEltllfNT NO. S.5 SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY ,.,.. .:t PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY PHOTOGIAPHS Of THI EARTH'SSUlfACf EQUIPMENT 70MM CAMERA AND fllM WEIGHT I LI. VOlUMI 0.036 CU. n. PROCEDURE POSITION sm1mn, TAIi PICTURES LOCATION PRISSURIZID CAIIN PMOTOGUIH Of THI HIIAlAUS IN THI NIDIA, IIIPAl, 11111 IOROII AHA, THIN IT ASTRONAUT l. GOIDON C00,11, JI., DUII NG HIS 22-01111 IA-f IIISSION. MC4· 1768 FIG. 14 GOIN OPIIIIINT NO. S-6 SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY aoue PHOTOGIAPHS EQUIPMENT 10 11 CAMDA Me ,u WEIGHT I LI. YOlUMl 0.036 cu. n. PROCEDURE POSITION SPACKWT Me TAIi PNOTOGIAPIIS lOCATION PIISSUIIZED WIN PIIOIOGUPH Of ClOUDS AND lffl IUIIIA 11S1 COAi!. WIST Of UNOOII. TWI 1Y ASIIOIIAUI l. IOIDOII COOPII, ll, DU- HIS 22-11 IA•t IIISSIOII. MC4· I767 FIG. 15 Page 10
M-913-65-04 ASTRONAUTS The Command Pilot for the GT-4 mission will be James A. McDivitt and the Pilot will be Edward H. White, II. The backup flight crew will consist of Frank Borman as Command Pilot and James A. Lovell, Jr., as Pilot. Their pictures and biographies follow: FIG. 16 FIG. 17 JAMES A. MCDIVITT Born in Chicago, Illinois on June 10, 1929. He graduated first in his class from the University of Michigan with a B. S. in aeronautical engineering. McDivitt is ma rried to the former Patricia A. Hass of Cleveland, Ohio and has three children. McDivitt joined the Air Force in 1951 and is an Air Force Major. He was awarded three Distinguished Flying Crosses, five Air Medals and the Choo Moo Medal from South Korea. He is a graduate of the United States Air Force Expe rimental Test Pilot School and the United States Air Force Aerospace Research pilot course. He served at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an experimental test pilot. McDivi tt has logged more than 3,000 hours flying time, including 2,500 hours in jet aircraft. McDivitt was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overal I astronaut training program he has had additional specialized duties. These duties include monitoring the design and development of the guidance and navigation systems for the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, as wel I as monitoring the overall Apollo Command and Service Modules. EDWARD H. WHITE II Born in San Antonio, Texas, on November 14, 1930. White received his B.S. from the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from 5/24/65 Page 11
M-913-65-04 I ' the University of Michigan. He is married to the former Patricia E. Finegan of Washington, D.C. and has two children. White, an Air Force Major, received flight training in Florida and Texas, following his graduation from West Point. He attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, in 1959. White was later assigned to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, as an experimental test pilot with the Aeronautical Systems Division. In this assignment he made flight tests for research and weapons systems development, wrote technical engineering reports, and made recommen dations for improvement in aircraft design and construction. He has logged more than 3,600 hours flying time, including more than 2,200 hours in jet aircraft. White was named as a member of the astronaut team selected by NASA in September 1962. FRANK BORMAN Born in Gary, Indiana on March 14, 1928. He re ceived his B.S. from the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. He is married to the former Susan Bugbee of Tucson, Arizona and has two sons. Upon graduation from West Point, Borman, now an Air Force Major, chose an Air Force career and received his pilot training at Williams Air Force Base, California From 1951 to 1956 he served with fighter squadrons in the United States and in the Philippines and was an instructor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point. He was graduated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School in 1960 and later served there as an instructor. In this capacity he prepared and delivered academic lectures and simulator briefings, and flight test brief ings on the theory and practice of spacecraft testing. Borman has logged more than 4,400 hours flying time, including more than 3,600 hours in jet aircraft. Borman was one of the nine astronauts named by NASA in September l 962. JAMES A. LOVELL, JR. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928. He received his B. S. from the United States Naval Academy. Lovell is married to the former Merilyn Gerlach of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and has three children. Love II, a Navy Lieutenant Commander, received flight training following his graduation from Annapolis. He served in a number of Naval 5/24/65 Page 12 FIG. 18 FIG. 19
•• - M-913-65-04 aviator assignments including a three year tour as a test pilot at the Naval Air Test Center at Patuxent River, Maryland. His duties there included service as program manager for the F4H Weapon System Evaluation. Lovell was graduated from the Aviation Safety School of the University of Southern California. He served as flight instructor and safety officer with Fighter Squadron 101 at the Naval Air Station at Oceana, Virginia. Lovell has logged 3,000 hours flying time, including more than 2,000 hours in jet aircraft. Love II was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overal I astronaut training program, he has been assigned special duties. These duties included monitoring design and development of recovery and crew life support systems. These include space suits, environmental control system and developing techniques for lunar and earth landings and recovery. The launch trajectory for the GT-4 mission wi 11 be similar to that flown by GT-3. ln - serti on wi 11 be at the same altitude, 87 miles, but the first apogee of GT-4 will be 161 miles. The Gemini launch sequence is shown in Figure 20. FLIGHT PLAN In addition to the various orbi ta I maneuvers to be pe rformed during the mis sion, as ca Iled out in Table II, other activities will be taking place as is shown below in Table 111, a summarization of the Flight Plan. The consumable items loaded onboard the spacecraft are shown in Table IV. TRAJECTORY 811Ul MODE 111: SHUTDOWN j • SEPARATE SIC 5:10 CHANGE -·-·- • RETRO & REBffllY A 200.m ABORT MOOl SEflllNCE L 2:48 START 11:SHUTDOWN T RADIO GUIDANCE j. SALVO RETROS . 1:40 CHANG ABORT MOOE 1:19 MAX Q 2:34 BECO ~ .ET11SON RETRO I 5.5G·s •=SEOllll:E T U 75 ,000' 1 · - ~ 42.000' IIElAYEO AQIE U:SfUTOOWN •WAIT 5 SECONDS 25.000' • SALVO RETim •JETTISON RmO SECTIII 0:50 CHANGE ABORT····-···-· 15.000' •I.AIIN SBIIIIG MODE Q:23 START PITCH 2500' Q:20 STOP ROLL 012• l:EJECT 2000· ~l Q:10 START ROLL oas· :OO LIFT OFF-- ... - _______ ... 0 50 • RANG -NAUTICAL MIES - FIG. 20 • 5/24/65 Page 13
MANEUVER HP/HA TRANSLA - ~v AFTER POINT OF DIRECTION TIONAL MANEUVERS APPLICATION OF THRUST THRUSTER PURPOSE Sepa ration l0FPS 87/161 N.M. SECO+2 - FWD AFT S/ C-Booster Separation 1 ?FPS 91/161 N.M. 2d Apogee FWD FWD Adjust lifetime {for insertion dispersions. Evaluate thruster operation. 2A 12FPS Apogee of FWD Left Ad just Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation . 30th Rev. +TSC #1 Approx. 15 min Left Right 5FPS Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual afte r 2A characteristics of thruster plume . TSC #2 5FPS 5 min. a fter Down Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual Up TSC #1 c haracterist ics of th ruster plume. TSC #3 5 min after 5FPS Down Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual Up TSC #2 characteristics of thruster plume. 27FPS 94/ 134 N.M. Perigee AFT Adjust lifetime. Evaluate 3-axis fol lowing 2A 28 AFT application. 4FPS 3A Apogee of FWD FWD Adjust Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. 45th Rev . 6FPS 93/ 124 N.M. Perigee AFT FWD Adjust lifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. following 3B 1 l0FPS 62d Rev. 4 45/99 AFT AFT Achieve OAMS retrofire. Evaluate thruster (45/97)* {or 66th Rev. )* operation. s:: -b (,J I 0, I °' *FOR PACIFIC LANDING ~ +TRANSLATIONAL SYSTEM CHECKM-913-65-04 TABLE Ill IN-FLIGHT ACTIVITIES Time Revolution HRS:MIN No. 0:12 1 1:45 2 4:35 3-4 7:45 5-6 11:15 7-8 13:05 9 17:05 11 19:52 13-14 24:00 16 25:58 17-18 29:25 19 31 :20 20 31 :40 21 33:20 22 43:00 28 44:25 29 46:48 30 47:33 31 52:30 33-34 54:35 35 56:35 36-37 41 70:26 46 76:30 49 77:20 50 90:45 58 95:45 61 96-35 62 97:32 97:46 63 5/24/65 EVENT Insertion Check I ist D-9 Experiment Translation Maneuver D-6 Experiment MSC-1,2,3, and 10 Experiments M-3 Experiment MSC-2 and 3 Experiments D-8 Experiment D-9 Experiment D-1 Experiment M-3 Experiment S-5 Experiment HF Communication Tests D-9 Experiment S-6 Experiment MSC-2 & # Experiments D-8 Experiment D-8 Experiment S-6 Exoeriment S-6 Experiment S-5 Experiment S-6 Experiment M-3 Experiment MSC-1 Experiment Translation Maneuvers Translation Maneuvers Thruster Failure Check Power Down S/C S-5 Experiment S-6 Experiment M-3 Experiment D-9 Experiment MSC-2 & 3 Experiments S-6 Experiment D-9 Exoeriment Translation Maneuvers M-3 Experiment Apollo Yaw Orientation Power Down S / C M-3 Experiment D-9 Exoeriment Power Down S / C M-3 Experiment Pre Retro Checklist, TR-5 Minutes Checklist, TR-1 Minute Checklist Retrofire, Retro Jettison, Post-Retro Checklist Reentry, Drogue Chute Deploy, Pilot Chute Deploy, Main Chute Deploy, Two-Point Suspension, Touchdown, Post-Landing Checklist Page 15 Function CP p Dav Niaht X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X :.<. X X X X )( X X X X X X X X X X X X X X )( X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
M-913-65-03 TABLE IV GT-4 CONSUMABLE LOADINGS ITEM QUANTITY REMARKS Batteries OAMS Propel Iants Odixizer Fuel Oxygen Primary Secondary Lithium Hydroxide Food Drinking Water Spacecraft Adapter RCS Propellants O x idize r Fuel 703 Ibs. based on a 2400 A-h 246 lbs 164 lbs 52 lbs 13 lbs 97 lbs lb lbs 14 lbs 61 lbs 40. 4 lbs 3l.61bs Each battery has a 400 A-h capacity Egress bottle are also carried if ejection is required. LANDING SEQUENCE At the end of the mission, the parachute landing sequence shown in Figure 21 will be employed. One item that should be mentioned in this regard is that should the 84-foot main parachute fail to open, the crew can abandon the spacecraft by eject ing and using their personal parachutes to effect a safe water landing. The latter sequence would also be employed should the spacecraft come in overland instead of the intended water landing. FIG. 21 GEMINI PARACHUTE LANDING SEQUENCE 50,000 FEET - HIGH ALTITUDE DROGUE CHUTE DEPLOYED \ 21 , 000 FEET - Oft:N CABIN VfNT t VALVE 10, 600 FEET - PILOT PARA.CHUTE DEPLOYED 9,600 FEET - It A It SECTION SEPARAT ION 9,000 FEET - MAINCHUTE DEPLOYMENT ! ' 6,700 FEET - TWO-POINT SUSPENSION 1,500 FEET - CABIN WA.Tflt SEAL CLOSED 1_ SEA LEVEL - TOUCHDOWN ~~- JffilSONCHUTf ~ - 5/ 24/65 Page 16
M-913-65-03 MISSION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY The Gemini Program is managed by the Gemini Program Director who exercises his direction through the Project Manager at the Manned Spacecraft Center. The direc tion of a specific mission is accomplished by a Mission Director acting under the cognizance of the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight from the time a space vehicle is committed to flight test until the end of the Mission Period. TITLE Program Director (Acting) Deputy Program Director Program Manager Mission Director TRACKING & DATA ACQUISITION MSC GSFC ETR Staff Gemini Flight Ops Rep Requirements Coordinator Security Officer Meteorologica l. Group NAME Dr. G . E. Mueller Mr. W.C. Schneider Mr. C. W. Mathews Mr. C.C. Kraft PROGRAM MANAGEMENT NASA HEADQUARTERS Office of Manned Space Fliqht I PROJECT MANAGEMENT Manned Soacecraft Center I SPACECRAFT MSC McDonnell Aircraft Co. OPERATIONS ORGAN IZATION FOR MISS IO N PERIOD ORGANIZATION NASA Headquarters NASA Headquarters MSC MSC LAUNCH VEHICLE MSC SSD Aerospace Corporation Martin Company Aerojet General DOD Mgr for MISSION DIRECTOR MS F Support ...___--.-_____,----- ----~ Operations Gemini Program Manager Deputy for Flight Operati ons DO D Recovery Director At las/ Agena Medical Publ ic Fl ight Crew 5/24/65 L aunch Director Affa irs Director Director Director ------------------ ----------- ----- Page 17 Flight Crew Medical Monitor
M-913-65-04 TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION The ground support network for GT-4 wi 11 be the Gemini Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) illustrated in Figure 22 and tabulated in Table V. There will be , however, some mi nor modifications to th e MSFN for the GT-4 miss ion. These changes for the GT-4 fl ight are prima rily in loca t ing the range t racking ships in positions most advantageous fo r the orbits to be flown . TABLE V - NETWORK R EQ UIRE M ENTS FOR G T -4 Network Ra dar G round Sta tion Code C Band Merritt Island M ILA X Cope Ken nedy/ CNV/ M i ss ion Contro l MCC P atri ck AFB PAFB X lr.:.""d Bahamas G BI X G rand Turk GTI X IAnti ouo A NT X Asce nsion Island ASC X Valkario Fla . VA L Eleuthera Island ELU Bermuda BDA X Conarv Is land CYI X Kono N iae rio KNO Tananari ve TAN Corna rvo n CRO X Canton Is land CTN Hawaii HAW X Guovmos Mex. GYM Corous Christi TEX R ose Knot V i ctor RKV Coasta l Se ntrv CSQ Rana e Tracker R TK X Pt ArQ uello, Cal CA L X White Sa nd~ NM WHS X Ea lin AFB EG L X M SC , Houston MCC ITe lemetry Airc ra ft (d) NOTES: Tracki ng Telemetry A/ G Mi strom Ac q. aid G emini la unc h Spacec ra ft Comme nd vehi cl e vo i ce or oth ers as I isted P CM FM/ FN Li nks R/T D/T RS DP * DCS Tone UHF HF re ceived GE-Mod 111 - G X X Xa 3 X X X X X Xb Xo 3 Xb X Xe Xe 3 Xb X X Xe Xe 3 Xe X X Xe X X X 3 Xb X X Xe X 3 X X X X X 2 Xo 2 Xo X 3 X X X X X 2 Xa X 3 X X X X X 3 X X X X 3 X X X X X 3 X X X X X 3 X X X X X 2 Xo X X X X X X Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe . Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe X X X X Xe Xe Xe Xe Fli ght Controll er Manned Sites X X X X X X X X X a - R ecord Only c - Remoted to ond from the MCC b - Remoted to MCC d - Three te lemetry aircraft i n pri mary recovery area * R emote Site Data Process (R SDP) The ground network support facilities include the MCC-Houston, Cape Kennedy (CNV), Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) downrange stations, the MSFN, and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Real time tracking and the acqui sition of data for post flight evaluation will be provided by optical and photo graphic systems, MISTRAM, GE Mod Ill radar, C-band radar, and the Impact Predictor OP) 7094. The network as listed in Table V will monitor spacecraft and launch vehicle PCM telemetry. The flight controller-manned stations, as shown in Table V will display selected spacecraft data for real-time evaluation and transmit these data to the MCC via teletype. The MCC will use both the Digital Command System (DCS) for transmitting commands. All the remote sites that are flight controller-manned, except for GYM, will have the DCS command capability. Tone commands for use by the Range Safety Officer will be used for manual fuel cutoff (MFCO), auxiliary second stage cutoff (ASCO), and Destruct. 5/24/65 Page 18
-0 0 (0 (1) I / /_ I \ / / l TH I \ /J I \ P ,I C / I w I 0 - <.n I 0 .i,.. FIG. 22
M-913-65-04 BACKGROUND Project Gemini is the stepping stone between the comparatively simple one-man orbital flights of Project Mercury and the complexities involved in the multi-man lunar flights of Project Apollo. As such, Gemini's prime reason for being is to increase knowledge of man's capabilities in space and in developing operational techniques to support the Apollo Program. Thus, Gemini's objectives become: a. b. c. Long-duration flights - up to fourteen Rendezvous and maneuver in space Docking with a target vehicle days d. Extra-vehicular activities by the astronauts e. Control led reentry f. Operational training for al I flight personnel concerned To accomplish these objectives, a series of flights have been planned of which this GT-4 is the fourth. The first three demonstrated respectively: orbital insertion capability, spacecraft structural integrity, and crew accommodation qualities. The four-day manned flight will further demonstrate manned space flight capabilities for the support of future missions of even longer duration. The remaining eight Gemini flights, all of which will be manned by two astronauts, are tabulated in Table VI ' with type of missson and approximate date of flight: Mission No. GT-5 GTA-6 GT-7 GTA-8 GTA-9 GTA-10 GTA-11 GTA-12 TABLE VI Mission Objectives Seven-day flight with experiments* Radar rendezvous and docking 14-day Extra-vehicular activities Optical rendezvous and docking Simultaneous countdown and rendezvous Direct rendezvous Apollo-LEM rendezvous simulation Apollo-LEM abort simulation Date Latter 1965 Early 1966 Early 1966 Early 1966 Mid 1966 Mid 1966 Late 1966 Early 1967 *Includes rendezvous evaluation pod The planned end-of-the-mission touchdown point is in the Atlantic Ocean approxi mately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda as is shown in Figure 23. This is the primary landing area. The GT-4 mission employs a zone concept for recovery which estab lishes four recovery zones: East Atlantic, West Atlantic, West Pacific and Mid Pacific. Each zone consists of a circular area with a radius of 240 nautical miles in which various ships and planes will be stationed. An aircraft carrier will be sta tioned only in the primary landing area as ii lustrated in the recovery forces diagram 5/24/65 Page 20
00 M-913-65-04 GT-4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LANDING ZONES, RECOVERY SHIP SUPPORT AND CONTINGENCY RESCUE FORCES \) ;J DO 30" ~ 00 HICKAM 0 00 00 0 GUAM O" ~ PRIMARY l~ RECOVERYAREA 0 PAGO PAGO 8 " REEm;~ANEA CVS CARRI E R 30" 00 OESTROYER AO OILER 0 CO N TINGE N CY RESCUE FORC E S /)};; FIG. 23 of Figure 24. Other areas in the world along the ground tracks are called contingency landing areas. Because these contingency landing areas are world-wide, it has been necessary to pre-position certain aircraft with their associated crews, pararescuemen, and paramedics so that they will be able to reach the spacecraft in sufficient time to render aid to the downed astronauts. These contingency forces have been deployed to the bases shown in Figure 23 . It should be noted that there are numerous types of aircraft in the launch area and primary landing area for telemetry, weather reconnaissance, aerial photography, and recovery operations. In addition to these aircraft there are also several helicopters in the pri mary recovery area from the aircraft carrier that are carry ing swimmers. These swimmers deploy into the water and attach an auxiliary flotation collar to the spacecraft. Launc area recovery forces are de picted in Figure 25. RECOVERY AREA FORCES ARS AIRCRAF T PRIMARY RECOV ERY ZONE 200 MILES BY USS WASP AND ONE DESTROYE R AIRCRAFT 1 USAF SSB RELAY AIRCRAFT AT TOUCHDOWN POINT 3 WASP HELICOPTERS 1 WASP COMMAND (480 MILES N DIAM ETER ) LANDING FOOTPRINT (ELLIPSE - 40 MILES) ~ ARS AIRCRAFT FIG. 24 5/24/65 Page 21
M-913-65-04 LAUNCH AREA RECOVERY FORCES 2 MINE USA M 113 LARK USMC \ AMPHIBS LANDING FOOTPRINT ( 27 MILES LONG) TANKS FOUR HELICOPTERS TWO PHOTO JETS FIG. 25 5/24/65 Page 22
NASA ROUTING SLIP ,. 2. CODE NAME (if ,,,msary) ACTION APPROVAi. CONCURRENCE FILE INFORMATION INVESTIGATE ANO ADVISE 3. NOTE ANO FOIIWAR0 NOTE ANO RETURN l'ER REQUEST RECOMMENDATION 5. SEE ME SIGNATURE 6. REPlY fOR SIGNATURE OF, 7. REMARKS: ~ - Of4-· ~ ~ ~~~- - &._. Q ~u' HL ~ J)k ~ - ~ ~ 1-~t I l · J>~~P1~,~s ~A-- 'J- ~ ~<L -~ f-i ~ o'\rv--J ~ J - ;-T;/::i, er_ lJ. 1 /~ I 0ATE , u.s. GOY[RMN[NT PRINTING o,,ict ~ 196-& 0,-1571845 - NASA 'Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963)
NASA ROUTING SLIP CODE NAME (if 11«mary) ~ ACTION APPROVAi. 1. - \6 ,-,----£ CONCURRENCE FILE 2. J • (- i/--e_ INFORMATION INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE 3. .. NOTE AND FORWARD NOTE AND RETURN "· PU REQUEST IIECOMMENDA TION 5. SEE ME SIGNATURE 6. REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF: 7. REMARKS , ~~1" CT'μ:;: - I r#- ft{ J' c_ ©4;~"'1 - frGJ' ~ z.s- - 4. l I . FROM: I CODE : I NAME : I DATE : ~0_ C U.S. GOVI RNM ! NT P RINTI NG Off' IC[ : 19H o,-67'8 4 5 N ASA f or m 26 ( Rev. Jan. 1963) (/EX l 3 ROUTING S L IP , - N A E I NIT I AL N. G. FOSTER R. L. cox w . A . EATON G. C . HR A B AL R . A. MO K E F. B. NEWMAN ' 0. SM IS TAD B . BROCKER ~ M. M~ ~ FILE -=> E I A RKS ~ C,,vL() z; \..__ ---- fLc.. -
C..y 0~ AFT~NO<#,J Se-w,o~ <Dr ~ f. 9\& b c.,cn: I N- "• ~fl - l,'-\Jrc, Belt 11 )'.,; or· ~;omc.;U1j r.r ~ .Ulce t! ,r,.t ,Lovt', from looking at t e ai!'.' 0 10vfedge on Now t he ai r ~l ow was discovered q1lit a number o· y ea s ago when it wa s stud · cd .om t e ground the hard way and, uh uh, by etometer (?)' ,1.nd l,y ( tri 11.nguJ.;.i. t • on) , by tryi ng to determine h ow high i t wa s it was many yea r n h r oJ"<• on· 1,a<l ::om,1 j< <'>L how ll lg}1 tr,c air 1.i:low really was, ancl .ir1 a rnorm:11. wv "Wj.ll .lrnl.i1:1d,· l1t)W in u. rrv-.1.l,L<·r- f ccr·ond.o Glenn and -<! , ,. c..- . ....it.. ~Cu.rp ·nL(·r- wac ·· lil • Lo <:Lr:r-m i 11C: in u mutter [" seconds how jgh it w:.J,,s . /\ncl tl1< : r1 lie: d:i.<t v.wu.y w:i.tl, :,0 y :r.1.rs of' hard wor·k. Aga.in the e W "l.ls :L dis,·ov _ry 111a<'l.c Lh<..:.rc: hut LJ1c pc,in t WIL~: t;hat in a few ~ - conds from th . :L ht vant 11~ poj_ ri L yn u cnn d > tl jolJ. Nuw with tl'ic air glow t hen .Looki ng 'U/~(' 011 LL so L of ul1 , wt· 'll . . . a band we never mean by LK't.nd ·t red. l' 1.•f't't:tly tlc~ :i. 1'.ncrl arnl J.jkc.: i n th· slide or som thing like tlio.L. . it :;urn l,j IIK: :; a Ji t;t;l • J'11z:1.y l,ut t:.l1i s j s U1c air glow band and thi s C rp ·11t r nnd. li_y r·ock. ·t pn.::;~i11r.; L11r-()t.1/'.h the 'L.i.r elow. TJb th·I s is t h e air glow dg on tl11tL we 1t1~v, _ h .ard ttl,rn1t Ut:Ls mot'ni.ng uli it was u sed i n er - com1 rtion vlit}, l:h _ u:,,xtu.n) X'P'l"imc. mL.; ancl ' O on. Now 1 just wanted to 1: i vc y 0 11 ::om(: idcu. ol.' wl 1c-rc; we - :;l.1t11d. in 'lid/~l1tnes s . N w ub, before ~tr.Jwv--~ C.-lc1 1 11 w-:tn l.n l1;rvc· ,'.onr· ,i!'I' 1rl , 1 tl1v thD1l1'.ht W' L(.; Lo have him irlt imaJtl some And NASA h ead- And. nil , ull , ,John Glenn w,1 :~ ; '. i v,·11 1i:; <I ,,v,'r .-L 111 1.1.,-1,w , i 11l.('r· l', ·1 ·,·11cc l'i .1 l.1·1 · ve1·y slrnilar to thls t ype that was L1 1 t· (;;,,xt,u;r. IJl 1 he , I re : , 11!.; , did not have ve y much timeBelt l l 2 l,o use it, but l,c did uh have a cha nc to ob s e .,_ve the air glow -rith the naked eye and h e ·aw it edge on and h e alle it , uh . name for it a t the mome t and . a nd really t he first time you s e e a thing l ike that y ou don ' t know whether it haze or l uminou s sort ; i t d.oes look haz y . Uni'or·l.;unal~ ly t 11 . pr·er;s and other people kept tha t t e rm •·l si:;t, ,• ,)11:,;i ••L .in1-~ 01 · dus t. p11:r:-tlc•J( \~_; :i 1ci s o <,n . ReH-l ly, wbat Glenn saw wn. air · p;l w- tlt:'.t' on :t Jumillou$ l 1t_y·,., ·. Thex·, · may be :i littl -· d st thee , l..,.~ may tinv " omctl 1 i Tl/'. to -::.u.y ul>oul: l.t1a t , l,ut, the pr.cdominate feature is j t ·i.s a ~elf J wninout: 11-y r . Now, C:.1.r:-:per,Lcr ha s mar. time to observe i.t . lle took t h int rfC'r:- nee filt •re• hack u p with h j m and uh , he was 1:,.bl to tim a ::; La p as'"'inf( t h row~li U1c air f~low a s the star was setting 1..1.nd lie n ote i I_; n.rni t u Tl ·cl :Lt V y c-nre rull y . throur;h the air /'.low the u1)pt:r LI ; low r· and when :it cl .i :;app e 1u· :c . From that careful LimJ 11e; inJ 'ut·ma.Li un ore wt1:~ utile to μ.i n ,town Uie exact time of' the air 1 - '.low. Ro 1w: li.ly •)() ldJ.u 111eL(•1·. /\nd Lili s -i.o wl 1:iL took mnn,y many years to do 1·1 ·,,m Ll 1 (' p:ni111 1d l,_ y l.1 ·.ir1.rw.1 i.Ju.'\. :I ,)11 ( ·:·) w-J1 i <" I, i :~ ver ·y v ' r.y d.i ffic:u.lt cau se you 1t<·v c1 · l<.11ow l11 n, l,u Lnk(· , ·,tr · u1 · 1.11111. Ln1nsml s s.i on W <i.S o ic;c1 ·vation . Uh, we had h ped J. iglrt 1v l1 :i<- il is very diffi ult to s ee I H'1J.r- I.I1c :;1111 , c111 c trtl, yrn1 ,·itn ~;(' (' i t, c,1uy 1.ri 1('TI the s un :is , oh, some-- C l:r:lt ll v/1 • some: L:i.rnr: sec :.;.3tronauts might l.1c aolc t o sec t hti.t . UJ i, Coop e was able to see the . light , and uh , White and McDivitt s aw the .. . light , ve ry wel l. Uh, the let 's se e there ' s another point here ; well, w ' 11 go ba k t o t hat in a moment . The cason I 1,htnk have tt otl1e.r dcsji.'.ns I~ show what r:Fm be done . If we lw.vr: Urne Lu ehow whuL 1·1n1 be don<· lly r~xLem.l.in t'. v i s 1..ia1 obscr vt"i.tions we ,,.,:111 do so . UJ1 , :,om 01 · Ll1 ·s • n. w r :_:u]ts , 11t1 t hat McDivitt and White we re able tu r or ar v ry . nLc r 'S Ung . Ul1 f ir s t of all, t hey saw a structure in the air g l ow a nd this is the fi rst time this i s e port ed. In one inst ance a uh , . i s seen some structure i n the ~i r el ow that they ' re looking edge on turns ( whlte) .... Thi s has never been obscrv d b for e . It is ve r y hurd to observe t hi s with a roc ket ; you clan ' t know when to fire the rocket to do t hat . They, they observed that . They obcer-vcd. unothcr intc.;rc ct:Lnp, tli·ine; . They observed mcteo o i ng into Lh • 1:,.1r.th ' :: -'Li..mu:..;phcrr: dnwn ·1ic1ow Lb . 111 . I t .i :; the .first time a mcteo 1::: rcJ ,ortccl f"r.um uh , uJ1 , npac l1y l.l!l ,rnL onui1L . And it. wa a very pecu - 1.iar .xperjcnc:c l"or· i..11 rn I itru sure: b r·.-1use they saw the things below them go ng own .I.nto t.hc ca1 · t;h ' n utmo::;pltcr(: . Th_y saw when they were over /\u t al ia) they cuw u.J1 ave /1.ustru.lin they sn.w (southern) lights uh , Lli·i.,.. 1 tg :I. n ir.; L11e l'it·:::I; time J tl i inl< Ll1·i s i s reported by astronauts . . u lo L Ile l. l:c r Lllan I c 1L1ld. m1 uh . and l.l11..':;,• :i 1· , : : wl, l,1 · r1i1-'.l 1L l.i1n,· pl1 L't1,,1m·1111. 'rh 1·c ut·c some inte e ting twilight pl 1c11<>n11'11u. I.I rd, i :~ d •i IT.i 1·1l.l L P ll i.H•rv, ' 1· 1·um oc ·kc t s or sate l ites and they (Jh tllcy fow1d sunrise s more
Belt ll l;. spectacular than sunsets. I will try to explain that in a moment if I can. Uh , going to go back a moment t o what Coope r J uh , what Schirra uh, saw during a twilight right after sunset . He observed) uh, the planet Mars and he observed at twilight, the sun had just set, a very specta. cular array of colas , he describes them very carefully in the report, in the blue.: book, his 1iJ.ue book, and sumrna.rys blue book too . Uh , he d.escr-ibcd a ro.th r :Lnt est:lng blue hand that ' "' three blue bands ; you r-an o.11 0chi c a. ' s hlues . Uh , . . . and he's able is true to d.o qu • t w 11, \./ i th bl1t ~s . He observe a da k blue , light blue, a nd a dark blu /\nd t le worc.l "light" i1-i 1:1. d ··_ fi ult word. When one says lj gh L on d.o sn ' l: know whether on m nns the lue was a lighter hue or 'j_t W:l: ; brig! It J: • nut 1 j t J it 1:ipp '1:1. ~ to be 1:1. iigr1t blue J and. one has to use these wo tls or what t hey stand. Anyway, we uh , from what these obse vations v re is (reportedly) on to a tape and is . (debriefing) and afterwards we are all very consistent . We had an order to try to construct this thing . The fir s t time a ound it needed a little correction wr1en lkhirra saw 1.t; th s cond t me around he was somewhat, he was quit plca"ell w:i. Llt H . We di<ln ' t quit - know wl a t this thing (band) was u. t; f irst · ,.,, 'r s Lill not too sure . Uh, we think it might be I ook :i 111-~ . [; j rn le.::;:.; tube 1>c'c:tuse th . tomorrow is 11:;c· Ll1<: :;11.111c l, ·r:!111.Lqu v J\ r· t.:Lmi.ll1-; :Ls Carpenter Jiad stn.rted. Uh . we l,h lrik 11(1:;ci 1,.1.Y- ,m • :I.~-; l111,·c·rvj nt,~ Lil • O:loni sphcrc edge on . The ozonisphere , ,. appr·ox·im11.L ·ly ul1 , 011 , L'r •om 10 t l'.> kilometers hitsh up to rO, some- t.!1inr, .L:ik that . It (H.·ems to huv u 11lll.Ximum around 2:> or 20 kil omete s . 1 rh, l1J1 ozone 1i8 you know, is very ve y absorbing in the ultraviolet,
BE.:lt 11 r:: _.I in ·:wL c·tir11plcLc, ,dJsorl 1 ;.1.nl; lw·J.ow 3000 !"or s ol;ir radiation c.:oming '.rlu:, t'C :i.s anoL! 1 e r· weak band o ozone i n the ed, y ll(Jw, t:tnd 1~, .c; 1 jn tbc • l,,,rnd uh , at , uh , dista nce 5000 . 6000 7000 and i J• ·1iy c l ock I ill absortion this wa y Ur r1 rt w- D.I< 1r1.om· l,11.nd p1 · :: orr, _(;h :ir1r'. .l .i k c· l;hn./., . And ·i (; clo :J s 1 1 tract , tt \./c · I.J, 1111 , L11,:n· i:: PrLly an 1·q, 1i vnlc·1d; oJ' ;2 rnjJirnc-tc1 ·s tir · ) n1il:iinc ·l,c-r:; :t l·,mcl~JJl 1er, , !.11:1.I; i:; 01 · 1· (1111 ·~:" , l,e:1 ·1.1.11: :c ' ,·,miplc l.1 , (r:orrt,j , 1111.1.t:i on ) o.L' th sw1 - J :i,g}1 l: . llow,,vc1 ·, wl 1e:n ,yu1r lo k at l.lrJs c:u.ge c,11 you ' re look:ing throueh :,o i I. < Loe ,:: :11./.,tl-j,c:t out 11 lot uf' red 1 'L 1 li('t '1' :: c; 1•r·l.:r.i11.J_y ,1, ]nl. ()I' l '(•d, yr • IJ.c, 1✓, 11 nd 1•1 ·<·<:11 :in 1,/ 1 C' lilu · sky any- iv: '.Y . /\11<1 1,_y ·1 l.l.1·:1.1 • 1, i 11,•~ i.11a1. ,111l. _y1•11 ,·11d_ up w i 1.11 nnnLl,l·t · kJ 11'1 of' blue . I 11 i'·w l. , 1.11 i :: i :: 1•111:i. l. i I, 1-1.·1:: . I~, . we 1·1·11 ' I, :-JLll ' <' a r r l l.h('ll ycst.e:r'l.iay , \,/t • 1•,. l.:tkh11 •: , 1.J,,,y l 1wl l11·c•1r l,:tkin1,'. w-il. 11 Ll,cjr · 1'.11 1 ,:amc- ·a tllll u.li , ~n the , ·,l./l'1'i111'. ir, l,fi<- Lop 111" Ll r<' ~(• .Br:lt 11 ,·,mr i r·rncu. l ,y p! ,oi;ol,';rapliy, motion p ie t trre photocrap hy. The explanati on I have n ' t had a cha nce to I givr may or may not )C: i['.'.;l t , I don ' t know. 'l'l1 .r, ' n a l s o 8. dust layer in here within J.n ok u. t all the 1 ,ther p r·ohlcm •. l.l 1 r· :.;j tuut.i.on d()wn by U11: wh :Ltc l i clit too well I ,lon ' L know, :it rtuty be v ·ry c· ompli -1-it d . ''o 11crc 's another situation where un oh .; r v1::1.Lion lnLer < ·(in1':i rmed .Y• uJ- 1, 1.1.notl,cr Get oi' ast1·onauts doing l fh , <:nupcr· mack • 0,ume v r:y intcrcstinB ob - clown un t }1c <:l oud:.: und >-1.:i 1 · p;low j::.; vr-r,y trarn; p,~r-cnt j n s olu r !"adiation and Ll1at.. sort u !' t hin/~ so wh 11 you l o k ti.mm y ou ' r·e e;ettinc u.h , sort of r·je;rrt 11 hjrnl j(·, , you ' r· ·· /'. t t:in1 ~ an ·i nte ri sem·rrt of , of ligh t here and y ou :.;c ,·J011ds a rid 01 · ,· our~;c· Ll1 ' rcsL i s :J. l.'ucto1· <>L' t wo d :i ff ent . 'l'l 1i s i:.; i1,Le C" Lin1: 1eca1tsc the p 1·1fpl,· rll)W I Li'(' 1-1 111 ·l,:i 111'. ,,11 1.11, · po <·-v a1r.l I. :J.i. 1· 1~Juw expvt· .Lm-nt whi h wi l l be 1111 . 1,wl L. w1 • • ,. l<lild:: . 'I' 1r( · r ·, • ' : ; • L11• , I.I 1( • r • i 1 1 L< • 1·1 · : ; I. i 111 '. I. i l, LI ( • l, .Y- 1~ I ·~x l 1 II" l, . ln 1, w•i L:1 l trt mnon . ·r is i rJI JJ 1, McDj v.il.t ,tnd \.fliitc· \./, :11 l':i n e , i.l ' the @)on is out :Lt is jll w 11i 11n ti 1 11 '. Ll1c ca r t J1 ' : .,; Jen, : 1 .ntl p· r l ,u _p: __; the' il. w-as 1 J.ittle br i r ✓ , htc r l,J11 u 1 !.11 ' /J. ,i , . / '..11 ,w Wi l('J I l,l tl'/ '( ' j r• n11 rrl( )() fj t he ol·./1cr. wny ;.;,,rotmd. But 1,;h • l n Pact Lhc•y pre f er Lhe Lit i n,1~ 1.1 1 J i)I(: o.r tl.c.:m11rk 11 t;:i.on :i s mu d , mon: 1 ·1 rw 1:1.t nigh t t han i n t I 1 c <I a _yt :lmc : . T'h c c!.lty-L:i1r1c 1ll.t.Y tl rc <" J owl si l,1J:·t1.:ion i ::: tih v er y dif· i cult 11. :;ccms U11J.t effec:t 01. they, they ct.lWttys l, !1 • c;low, I.i s i l, thr our:h t he· :;omc .I i,'-~hi.. ; ('d gc o n u.lr ~low . But yo u also a:ce looki ~ through the a i r i s r;omine; oun ; you' r e l ooking so t o f taking t wo pa sses rd r 1~- u w jn::;tc 1;t.d of one , l onp: b i g pa t h and y ou a r e getting and _ y1, u. 1 H ·<~ 11ul. /'. -·l;t I ll'. vc r _y mur·l 1 l :i ht :f om t he s urf ace o f 1 lJ i i n / ,c• r·c . ituati on tytime . N, ,I 1.i 1 c 1d . . l tll , t he v l s:tbl c I ) / I ' .Y' •; : ' i I. rl 0)( ... lilt . l, 11I. "" I. v,·r ·,v 1t 1,, , · lt . 11 1:t ln· , •111• : ; l ..•t l.< ·1 •1 , •1 tl • .C 3elt ll . ~ Lil :d r.;low from the 1 ·onL :i nui;J...Y',1c may have c:u1..,.s e pe ople t o think that there ' s ::; om •Ll L .i n11: very n1c1.[~j c; a out Lhc.: 1~reen (line) .
, l - Belt 12 1 5~7'1' 4-477 atomi c oxygen g reen l i ne of the air gl ow rom t he continual we may have caused people to think that t here ' s someth ing very magic about t he gree n (line) . I f you are starting t he green line certainly you want to observe the green line are built very carefully to obs rve (holding ) the green l ine j_n a nd uh, would continue (near) . But for o.pplications it may not be alwuy" wise to subtract the (<.:ontinuim) . In other words , while' you ' ce d nling with a nd this is a gain Lhosc 1 ,000, 7000 . 23 mentioned .h ' 77 j s the green line right here but tl 1ere ' s a str ng con tinuim rig/it nlong he .re . A lot of 1 ight here; thi s :i.s th light we ' v been talkjng n.bout . 'I'his visual night (glow) visnl>) c nip;ltt elow cdr.;c on :Ls is t he total. ,.,o there's a lot of light thcr and just . . :· n tl c :Jexto.nt experiment . . . . constructively critical p cx·riaps th r ,ason wh y th . didn 't wo· k too well i s a f ter one is throwing a wa y a lot of l i ght . Uh , t his is not a s bad as the case of foe J.ights you. know. Remember years ago the og light s were yellow. 'rhey were li~ht wasters . There i s no r1.:ason, the only reason why they wo. kcd. well is th .Y w 1 ·L· low down :;o cv ·ntuall,Y the yc~llow . . . . disappear . Hut .YtYll don 't; want t.o w;u:.:tc /J.liY Li1'.l1t. . Howev er White will point out to ynu t 1 1· • • • • be < lid J>r.·c ·r us :i.np: l;l1c 1~re e n l'jlter and M cDivitt preferred I ':i 1.·::; t t o , 1 .cpcnds a lot your own method ,,r· ul11~ r:rva.t.J1,n . J do w:Lr,t to po.i.1,L L,uL that on' has Lob very ca eful I1ow on • rnak 1.: :i . upplicu.t :i or1:-.; n1 · 1d e glow. Uh, ecall any other u.h , l-.t1irlf.'.f; , tlie_y you. wcrcn ' t l1ct·c ye st.e day ; . know a J i.ttlc bit 1;tbout H .. lfli, I think I shoulcl . . . . . senr·it i ve ity H ' each of the astronaut s
I start:i.ng with Glenn who l ad trouble getting . . . . Well, I r eally don ' t want to get into that t oo much for this reason. Finall~, there will be a very ine experime nt carefully planned through the . mean sensitivity uh, Oh , uh , uh O. K. Well Glen n didn ' t u <:hang t o get . . . . and therefore he wa n ' t able to n!B.k c the E:amc a<.: ut observations for example, a s Cooper was a le to make bcca1.we for example , I don ' t think Glenn had an oppor - tunity to really eet .. and see very muc;l1 on the daytime skies but you mean maybe, uh, tha t t ype of ult , W 11 uy, Y'S , uh, o v cn star light . Oh, alright ine , alright , I see what you mean . What was the (landing) o bit magnitude? Yes . 0 . K. llh, going back to .... let rn continue with tha t Uh, in one ·a sc Coop - r \-,as taking o. small, woke up and opened hi s blind and looked out and he was on t he dcr.y s ide . The earth was d irect l y below him, the s u11 was d:Li:-c ctly behind M m. Do the a.rth was not illuminating any portion oJ' th window nor- wu s :i.t; :I.l.lumina ting anyt hing that the window :;aw. 'l'hcrc :i.::; not prj ma. y , :Jee mlary . . . . a ca Jjk• Liiat . II<: hu.d. IL :p1·c •t,Ly 1~oorl s :itual,ion and 1~ d i d ::,ee s tars in the d:i.y l,:int<: ln.rl, lie cJjd h1d:i.,·11.tc Ll1at ltl ' wns ,1ot ul>l to S<' • ' a s well in the w, • l<.now th ', ·e: ' s :t tJ.ny a i 1• ~low l>uL i ts vc r-y di LTicul:t to me a sure and he e J'.; ab r,:Lnni :ng f usu ,jcct:i.v ob"c1 ·vntion of , of it s (me n ) at the
<>n uorir-d S<J tt1i1.t d urlnp; the; clny sid.<.: one can :took and observe p hysically what the d ay air glow is . Now t his is very important b ecau se here we have the orbiting . . next y ear and very i mportant background prob - lem. Two of t he orbiting . observatories . . . . . are above the 1:dr glow, t hjs air glow. nut the day air- g l ow is much higher and uh, at l ea.st , there ' s p;ood evidence in the rocket measurements that it ' s higher and it ' s sort of u.ssoc:iatecl witli a red air glow. And, so here 's our situat ion where an o.etronaut was a1Jle to ::mbjectively note the d i fference between day and nip:ht in the (sky) Uh, McDi v·i tt and White were able to sec d1.')\v.J'l to 7tl1 antl 8t!1 lf'll:ll '.Tli turc r.; tar::; where as the other a stronauts were not al>lc to sec so well. AgEr i .n i. t may be: 1:t question of time (darkmcntation) perhaps not that much more t ime but uh , . . . t hey were ge tting d own to uh, the kinda of sensitivity . .. that uh, should be possible under , under good conditions of dull a tmosphere . Uh, should we mention a nything (about) the window (pane ) and uh, . . to hear more about it, the question on did uy, White smear someth i ng on Lhe window or tak e something o:ff w:i L:h ld s elbow or somethi ng. It appeared, rcom what w(~ heard, thn.t he tood sometl1:i ng oJ'.L' there h~s been some nr:cumu.11;1 t i on ( 't) them ::.w:lt Le ring tile mc<li um on Lhe wi ntlow and we took :~omc (;!' :I t oJT m1<i ,rltcn it look at whnl. lie dici. they have to l ook inJ in Lhr-011 1 •11 t.1 1<' w-i11dow , i L lnok.ed blac-k wlH-rc he ltnd. rubbed something off, :;caU.vrinp: u !T W-:iJ1d.ow w·J1l<:l1 !ind. a1T11m1Llal:ion (>1' little particles which 1u ·c; brou~hL or- ::a)lll\:tltJ np: wl1i<:li wo11lcl get in tlic light t he place where he moved it :md. again j t lol)k ed. I\u t 1cl'ter nll the cockpit inside is
:Belt 1 2 relatively b.l.ac k cornpa. ed to the 01 tsidc . And th i s is true and they J ooked out thro1--<13.h the 'Window 1.1h, there seem d t o b e a change . In fact, they have a pl'1otograp h of t his ( spot ) . . . . talk abou t that . Uh, they are very uh , they say the astronaut s have t aken advantages of every possible opportunity t o note something unusual . And he keeps all the (;opies . . Uh , .. I think we can look a little bit to the :futu.rc . I th ink we uJ.l woul.d like t o extend the . r a nge of vi s i011 o.nd the wa y to do tJ-mt i s w•i t l1 inn ge converters . Thia may be vc y ])rnc tic.:tl.l. Uh, i on · j s des.line: with uh , the iclea of perhaps using 'L viol t lens t·at11er tl11m 11 ulue to r...-;ct d own to a re g:Lon that is . many ruo e c·ommunt::: on . You mn.y ue /7, t t.! ng into cl. reg :i on wbere the eye snot ve r y sensit i.vc or nots nsitiv • at all, yet i t is a very inter esting region to do practical navigation well , there one can us e the image c;onverter and hav the eye become s ensitive through a n image converter to uh , (the near v:i.olet) . There are many ob servations tha t have made I' om roc k -ts that are 1 a d to repeat . Uh, for e xample , ultra viole t aurora . We ' re not sm·e thi~ happened b ut uJ1 , two of th , se .. in a rocket nntl L11rou~~l1 ,y_j r· ai1d. -Lt r:ot satura t d Ftnd it tm·n s out t hat it probably WHS a vc y st-.rong ll·:trnv:i o:JcL u 01 ·1-1 over Wa]ll)ps Island . And f'o r t unately t.w-o ol' tile ( 1;1:l<· t..,lmc Lm··n ) worked uml l>ec:iuse ti icy were .. to s uch J,i1...-;!1 ::i;rw,iLivlty l111L tl1c otl1t:l' t wo W-< : r·<· .. .. Wel J_ , Lili , there .as 11u vj ::;1Lh.l • <:()tmt.cr·J)u.r.L 01 · thJ s aJ."c:t; tile e Wl:l.s 110 w y of knowing it · ::;11 t .LJ J Les I 1avc • • • • • . 11<; tromJ.uLs might ' c able to l o ok a round and . LLltravio l c;t 1.:1.urora. •r1,cy saw l".hi" aura a j_ n south /\us tralia visually . Wi ~J 1 LI 1ft t 's l;I 1e bcginni.nt ;. Perhaps With image c:onw-rt rs Ll1cy rr\j t,'.llt p•ic ·k 1 1p s om • 0Ll1cr · aurora . 11 I L. n, vi oJ ct. C/'. 'i on ; we don ' t know whether I I , . ,.• I I i r ~ I • l .1 :I
12 5 o w he: r< · af,:a i :, "'"n j magc, converter ,1jll <'nnvr•r- . . .. . l i1~hL Lo v •i.:-.;al J c I i1 ~ti1. . Uli, l, ;1eir 0 1, servu.tions l.haL have 1Jri n mucic o f U1esc neb locil.ies (? ) which may or may not ,,e so , th s • are ulLraviolet nebulociti . s (?) in the 1200- 1 300 r g ·on . Aw in on migli L h a v un j rnal~l' c onv er L r or c eate an i maee in a rnutt,,r· o(' u mnm nl. luok o.t u linL!(? ) untl :;ee if one an see this tlC'buloc i Vi~,; (?) . M1 y1n· on ... j n:; Ln.w1cn .al Jir·oblem(? ) -.,,e don ' t know . In I.Iii :; L.Yfl<' or <'X[K' r· i.mcnL v<• r·,y diffic 11. t o uchie:v . Uh , ',l(' J] I think (,l111.l . ' :; a.1,oid. Jl I witril,<·d Lo ca.v 1.th , I tun ::;u1·e you ' ll l.h c,y :lf)l,) un-d ; Lhv t::iL ,·01,u11I.; ; when 1 .11!'.Y t;cl] .voI1 ahou ', th , wh en ... . 'l 'h J i:; t 1.I1i1w. on our r,ror:r·arn i::; I.I,<: 1t:~l. rona11L" , anu I. ey ' ve ohviou'.;ly 1,<:en d0l1.l.,yed :;o I ::;uvgcsl. w<' l.ake u. <·orfee 1;r co.k whjle w wail. for f.hcm ..... Wc ' l cul. our· c:ol'f'ee bn,1:1k shor L. Colone McDj vi LL ar,d Colon 1 WI, i L hfav silown u J her(' . Uh , mayb e we an r co11 11t. (?) , I. k • a min11l.c uncl .cecouriL 1 ·0 -c th~m what w~ • ve cone . Uh , our 1nLen1. l1L'r was Lo 1,av<-' each or 011r· exp rimcntors p,o tlirougr1 111 i>:L< · k1- '. r· <ll111d or I.lie 1'Xl'c' 1·i 111<'11L , /'.l) I l1 r-ou gl1 1./w •xp rim nl, , and : ,.1 :;u 1.ivv :;,1111, lll' .VPlll' ( ' ( HnllH'til . :; ,V(l ll /'.i •VI· t'.o 1 111'111 .v ~I.L'f' a,Y , 0 I 1.11 i .1k l.ll• t t.h ::p<·ul~<· r·( ·t ) w•J1Jlli :q11,n·,· i:1I. , · , i 1 · .vo11 W(11il, i , u l1 , ,:ave s,.'ll\e 01' .,·otr own c·omrn, )11I. ;-; w,d < l,:;1:r·v d,i,,11:: 011 "•t<'h ,i1 · Ll1L'..,e •.· p • ci.mc1 l...; , wh re ,vou ar - I icip;il,c•il rllf>r'l' l/11111 1.. 111 · (~:wil.< · lt w:,:: i11 opcrat.ion ·!) , a11tl , uh ';ive l. /1('0I f.I1(· O(lf!Or·l.1rnit..v I<, IJ.:-;I<. l l'<.' W qtt(• .:i.ion u 1> ;1~,1 · on :..l ie o\.h('Y l.l1i111'.: : 1.IH'.Y lall<.< •d :Jl1011/ I.Iii:; morJ1i11 1' ... An c .L ,rtw ss Lhis morn · ng w< · ,,,, ·11!. I. 1r·<111 f'. l1 Li,,, m<'di1 ·:d ,·xp .riu1< •11I: : I· Lrsl . . . Lhc me .i c· l e:icpe r iments <[j).. ' . Be H 12 6 and , L, cholce oJ.S Lo how you .....•.... (l\.ctually ) Lwo r ours in space . I don ' t think the re a re any questions on tha t . Ha, Ha . The X- ray s ( '?) dlcln ' t c.:r.a.1 se any signif · c1::1.nt ha dships as far as the ..... . Lo fl lgh L. 'l'he y mtvl- u::: get up wh1-d. , 10 minuL •[: a r li ·r . Yr·1;.h . W<: J you cw huck ( 't ) L ,uL. ~;lncc Lhcrc was ,mly 4. 3. (?) I gue ss 'l'l1ut ' s most ::;erlous p ro h em<• a.nd I wan Led a milkshake or something as soon a s I landed and I c uldn ' t have it . aid I couldn ' t have any calcium until what , ( 20 hours afterward s? ) /\s far as the flight probl ms 'l'hat' s a pretty safe f oar (?) my hce rlid.n ' t hurt at all. M"ne ' s all hale up . Tin. , Ha . 1 did.n ' t trd.nk yo u had enough hield c1.L Lhe rnom -•nt (?) Ila, Ha . 1'he uli , phon cardiogram (?) like s ome of the other senses (?) .... eouplc day~ (?) Noi. so LhaL we coult.lr1 ' L arry on the mission . JL w.t ··n ' t any more t;oL11 ·rsome than u1.v (lf the o Lhe r ones . l. ' db'enh1 L •r•st.cd in , LnLcrestc\1 ink.110wing , uh the ..... . rcsu It.:~ of Lhein . It, h:;.~;ri ' l. l" ( Jlll< ) lJp . .. .. . v,• .•i.1 1. Wl 1LL I ' rn ·(• 1.dly int.el'l'::1.vd i11 is wl1 L' Ll1\· r· or 1tul. our m ion dist rbe d l.l 1 c mi<·rupl1,>11 • enough 8(> Liu.LL you 1 1,• LnJ n lot. \)i' other· things ..... an 1101, ncc!cssar· il.v 1u· l1cur· L . I~ L. Wi ' i. uh , a.lw· ys have the band on the ..... .
· ,_ . • I .,, Belt 13 ua h- ... . . man on the t ape . 1'he EKG? On t he bi ometry tape r ecorde r . 'l'ney we r e arr a nged in s uch a manne r that the - the phonocardio - 1 ~rwn by itself was not r cor clerl on both t ape recorder s . It was only r-ccor dc <.1 on one tupc r •cor der. /\.nd s in,~c_: we were not neces::;ar ily inL · r es tcd in thl: mun wl1u wu~ u.wa k <! , l,ecaus e l,J was mov i ng a r ound : r.ii.1 y oL1 we ·• ·n ' t. 1-~n ing Lo L .v .o gc L uround t q t.t :J.L anyw:1y . Whe:n(:VE::r 1.>ll<: w ·nL to :;J.ec1, , lJ • !J I, i omud LF.l.J) r 1 c:0r<l r w:i.:; un . Most oC- the I' L.ight pr oflle 0 11 t.hc j om d ..... Do either oi· you talk in y our sleep? ~o , I d on ' t eliev e so . Jim doe s n ' t, do it? The r e we re ome - thr oughout the sl ·ep I f elt ine . I know I moved around move d my a r ms an tri d to get. mor e omf rtable . J o nly u e 1 bout hu.l o f my "i r st Lhrc c sleep per i ods , whi h ..... l,1t:: IJ1·:<: n r ·<k po::i 1.,, b.v Lite l.lm Lite l.ld. r d X- 1·ay was being ... JJ, ,, i. L l::; ul I he:a.l(:ci u_r, rlghL now. 'l'l1crc is nv hin g \ffong with it . Wu don ' L r ·,dly l1nvc tl1 c tl.uLu yeL , l ,ju;;t talked to Dl' .. ... . e hcu rd h i. i~ rnurnirw I.I 1a t 13 Lo 10 p<: t'L'. nt , H to 10 pe r ce n t calcium dc l' i. c icnt . We 11 , we mud • u . .. ... uwJ L ,tm a.f r a i 1l .;.. ~ l o s s - nut quit e ba k N"I. •p1i l.1· al I 11,1,('k a11 cl w, · w, :r1· :1. Ii 1.1.11 • 1·ur j_n11:,; . We wondered iI ~ maybe2 we o 1ffovi e ex Lra shiel •ng on tr,e right s id; of the pilot ' s heel until a couple of week s from now we w ·11 chec it again out of curios ity . It is not part of the protocol or anything else . 1~at ' s all righ . )\11t , W(~ 1:1.re _just c;11 r'io u::.: Lo n na 0111, . Now WC reali ze Lhat you have ,j,1:.;L l,c; en pu.rudi11 1~ -- - ••... Lhe mure you jomp a r ound on it i.!1 more .i L <.:ome s back . .L ou ' t know .i.f' you think you have lie •n jomp j 111~ more or ..... [ wilJ. L1::ll you unE: thJ ng - I n&.ven ' L hud. my f':..i.lr share of ice ·re n ttnd mi k . 1 1 llad yo 11 taken your last X-ray:;? Postfli.ght u 011L , .i.L ' s u llttle over 10 day s it was supposed to I,c 10 < ays itl!<l i L Litrn ouL Lo he l? , I beli vc . W1~ ju:.; L l1ad Ll1 m. Cl.lJne tile '/Ll 1 r ichL , und -re di it y esterday morning , o o w n Ju · ·C Lhe r e it is Lh 23rd, al.Jout the 25nl day . I thj nk if i L . s a (\me j on of exerci,3c, and.... IL is not u d irr~ct, f1tncL i on I mean Lll:~L :i.s 011' variable , but it is , j1 ,:.;t u cllr i 011:; L_y t.11111.. wi.; 11:Ld cx:pec · i, . ti l.11at : t. WUlLld b<2 back up by i n,iw and it i:.; ri,il. <Jl.l i t,r, l ,,t · I< n 'nr j ir-(.: . w, , wl111.L i mun_y )•<.:1·1 ·< ; 111. C:in yo t t:ell? I I , i , . I . n<.i w': ' !lo w down l:; i L: W<, j j , j I, V'Uf' i r::..; I 11 ,w I,c.: l. w, ·en l,i IC l. w 11 l\ j" .Y Il l , /\ i!d Lile r•c 1:l.l'C S t..ill WI" l , uul, v,·,·.v p r ,~li111i 11:tr-.v 1Hiw . i.11,)::, · .v,·:;l.crdu,v , ; nd we - Lhcy we r e .:l.i 11 p r· 11,t"l.i,·:,. l l_y w,·I. w11,·11 w1· w1. r c , hii,1 1~ i. t , i ,u t. we n.r e :., ill
. Belt 13 3 JH'O\.Jahly 4 l.i r '.:,, p - rc.:ent. b ]ow wha t _y, u wt:: r e wh r::n we took our pre f _ Ligh L:; , ar1 tho:;~ wer very cons tunt e::;pe c _ · c.1.J l y the fir::;t t wo . Well , if we are st.:· 11 4 o r 5 pe r cen down , t hen we onl y we n down a bout E3 per ent . High t . What is the ~enslLivlty ··n your meU1od 't Well, :1s I poinLeoJ out L11i.s mornine , if. , erieml:::: on t he situation , b ut 1~,i tlii 11k w are de1'inlt.cl.v within ~ prircc n t . lt. - we produced it ,111 s ·v,:ra.l mnchi_n:; - m .1 1 .Y Li.rne:.:; we, /J;<.;L much r· lu::; er th :-J,n that , but w1: u.r e not. - we d1)11 ' I. wa 11 I. Lo ,-~O 011 I. <1 11cJ ::.ny U ,al, we :1.re - Lt var ie s . Wl1u.L w : 1:; yu ,, r- ex.per i_cn<.:,: wlU1 I.ht; ·M:cc i :;e? Yes , well JeL m· <.:oounen t.. on Lh i.s fjr-::;I. liecau:;•.:: C think I deviated l'u.r t he r t e exp riment . But afte r u.bou 2 days I felt tha t I wasn ' t getting any exercise at all , and ther e Li; a J tmit t o how mucb push ing on t he ·1oor Lhat y o1t can do , ~;o 1 , ot c l ,i.cance f'r om Dr . Grady , 1...o go ahead and u.,e the xercise r t, hr ou1~ hout Lh • r emainde r of the 1' I igl1L . oL 011.ly a ,; a mcLl1 n of e:,rnrcj 1;e a s pn;s cr ir)ed n our medi cal t,vp1 ~ I pa::i::c•:,; , liul. al,w a " a J'o r m ,,!' r•x ·t·cis i.11:\ my ar ms and legs , 11n wr'v,•, · _[ :;11.w l ' il. . /\nd. [ did do L. l1i :: t. llrou,~ !1 1.1 1e r emuin r of the l. ll.p; •Ll ll :: I.() 1•: o l1 dlt,Y ;c; 1J.11rl l ,c ('llpli.lJJ•· I.,, /,;c: L Oll l,;; ide tl 10 spacecraft Ly rn,y ::, · l r l.l1 n11 l.u :;o r- L 01· s l.n.v in LI, <· .;I .a e u1 · l 1ibernnl ion . I 1<. i 1 1d u 1 · lik<'<l _y,>11r , ·onm1•11 l. yc s t.eni:1 .v , :;ometh i11,~ :i ouL r ather 1a.n l.1 , n Ii 11 11 i_n Lo a p11 mpk in . : ,uu1l: LI I Ln(! I. i k<: Lt at , [ Lhou ht it was f u nny . Ii ·aJly . we w ' t·<· - J wa: ; 1•:(~l. l. .i11r1, muc:1 , l,:s :; exe r cise t han I h ad an i - 1· i pul. 11 d . 'l'l,<: r w:_,1,:-:; a ::p1 1rL (i:.u·J.'f i11 1.11 ,; r1 · 1~l1t. whe n I was g e t"ng ,. v,: r-,yl.l1ir 1 1~ ""l. , ,'.1;l.L i111 ~ ,·v c r ,y Ll1i1 1 1:; :;L,>n·il 1.Je1',11 ·c Lh ~VI\ n...'1d weBelt 13 4 ad a ot o • a fair arno u.nt of exerc •se there . Then I found I could r each eve r yth · ng that... I needed t o reach without real ly .... myself all ove r the inside of the spacecraft . I manage d to get all the food out wh ·ch is a - in a lg is a fairly d "ff icult a sk, I managed to f-'.cL j t tho e fforL •ver, once got the first one out w i L an y w hat... 1;0 I olT . 'l'riey we r·• 1:.1. ll .... 1,.n<l 1.h·y Wf: r· •; in 1.1. box ri -~ht ur::hind me and l ,ju:;t. - I It... nough ::;o J t. alwa_y:; lef't 1)11 l1 u.n(!. LJ1f-': <\111. . w,L ~; big wu 1.lclJ1 ' L go lme;k i 11 l,u I.I 1c I 101 • an ti i I. wu:.; taped u ..Ll ..... und I d.i<.ln ' t l1uve Lo worry abuu.l. .Lo.'.lin1,1, i.L so J ,j1i:;L rea ·l 1 ~d back und f "nd it, , und I j 11st jerke i_l, ani.i pre t., Ly :Jeon Lit -. next m•~ul would flop o L t.11en I would Lak t.he rH.:issorr; an c11L that one off, wi. h no l'for t whatsoever • d I antic.:.ipatecl Lhut I mi.gilt have to Lur n around and read1 back in t,herc an )UJ. lot of exerc • se s do a t hut ..... /\notliu· thing Lhat we thought mig11 t, rov .i.de exerci se just d • dn ' t so _you !1ucl t..o mak i , . And I W<.1.:m ' t l,IJ11L - I d .i dn ' t fee} l ike d uring a I < I. t> f ex •r ·.i :;(: :; !'or c:;crr i :.;c :.;nhe !>••cu.use wu weren ' L getti ng all 1.11,) ; :lr·e11 l.i1al. wit:; t.11<)11 1-'.llf. w<· :;J1,>11lcl l1 ·Lv u and L ,justl l, sl. the esjre I.,> Ii · du.i.n1-'. p1i::l11,p:: o r 1~11_yLlli111: I ih\: 1.1,a L, } 11 . I did feel tlla I I t.hi1d~ LtJ1.1.f. ::om•·Ll 1i ng uq.~i1l. .u \;-• c111ul· l ear l.11 0ugh ~ - re , I t1 i n k v<..: 1:.1.n.: 1t:.; • 11 ,'-'. I.he wo r d c;n: r c.: i.:; • r;J.l.l 1c r· l" t·c ly he n~ in n lay onunon :~en:;<.: , und :11 ,i;o..i11 1.l1e r. pcri.m•n1. he r· (• :L: ; i.L wa~: dcs i gnc w-a,; no t 11<..:c .:::Jar L .V - u wo.rk (;LJ.Jl~tc i Ly or u wnrh hear t cupacl 1..y te s I s 110L 1.1. thi n 1'. dc:1i 1'.n'd Lu pr vide Lb· cre w witli an extensive amoun o
Relt 13 5 c1xC;lrc i :;e , a11d I U, ink - I r;uei;:: bC('.:.1.u:;r, - you probably -~ might have 1-~1tc:;:;(• 1 l be l1n<i 1:2.1,01iL 60 pt~!L:; l,haL yr, u w ere rc :flly heaU.ng yourself 11p a llLtl c t,it, wider Uios<:: condit ion s . Well, I made the c orn.men-L that 50 was k ind o f Lr-Lvi al. Hight. 'then I said Go warmed me up in the :;ui L more than I would h ave liked t.o Jta.ve !Jeen, I was kind 01' w Hrm mos L of the Llmc anyhow, and it just mt1.de me a 1 i Ulc WFlrmer . So j L wa:;n ' I. a r e al big e xercise workload , l.!1c k i nd ol' cxercl:,c that. you would uo over ir1 Lhe gym. HLe;hl,. I L!1lr1k Lho.t, s<.>m<: pcoJoJe j1 1sl, :~<)!, a miscon ception of this Lld.ng - thi:; exer cl:;cr - Lti<:: J'act tl11..1.t. we call .i.t, that that we use l.l1e word exer cise , Uw.L we should u~<:: Ltie proper pros:pective here, what ac Luti.11.Y was Laking plu<:c, wr,ich j s u very short spurts ol' energy expenditur es; yes, l:Jut not, exercise lik e in a gym or a real good workout, oi' ti.ny Lype . Do you fee l Llw.L the ventilation in the suit was ade quate? I did, but Lhere again, i t was adequate; but marginal. You couldn ' t do u. lot, or cx:c r ci:;e, .vo11 w0t 1ld r~el , a tie:.1.t l oad . As n. matter of f act, wl1cn 1•:<1 wn:; cxcr-c·i:. : lng i t lo!.. f co1 1ld :LcLually reel tl1c heat going 1q, !11Ln m,y ::idc ,,t· L1 1 e :; 11i.l. u..l:;o . /\rnl 1,:,t hall,, - Ed i'clL w:ir mer l.111rn I di,d ul I during tl1e f 'J i1.':f1L. I think you itrc u w1J.r e L11nL .vo11 l!ad Lljl'fci-ent Lt'mperat11res on our suits .. Wlii. c 1 1 wi lJ lic.l.J> ,:x:plu.:i.n I.he di l'f'erent-v Ln th() rcelings as far as the <·11vi.ru11.men\,. IJow co1!1u. .Y<ll1 J'el.!.l. Ll1e l10u.L whc.m he cx:eccisecl'! Well, i L i:; it clos, •d loop. '!'here are Lwo brancl1es to the loop.... Belt 13 6 l3u.L L:1e hot, air went o t , went. through a bunc. o f c ontraption s un eventua.l ly <~a.me a ck into both of our suits again , same way that mine d.id . H di dn ' t have a clo se loop for himself only, and I had t.i.nothe r clo ce d loori . We had u clo.s d loop t h.1t was closed - but we wr;re f,f~r.1, u I" t, h t; 31'1-me mi ,di u.n :i ·u.l \.lfl j , , so thuL 1mytim t l e air temp - 1 • 1· 1J. L,ir· c: wenL up 1.11 L11 hr.;i,1, L 1.0 • t or 'Wli<:: Lite r .[ w .ld ,<J the 11,:u l, tu • t i. t. wcni. ncros s ·he lieut C::xc ange r u d it was onl.v takjng out so m1 h of the heat , so .it essentially it came .in a liLtle h.i.r.rhe r tempe r atur e than it would have if he wasn ' t exerc ising . So , you can notic these small temp ~ r ature change s . Wtts Lh ' no j t : - level assoclut d wi tt, the cold u. i.r through the .... I Lllink SO , yes , l' r·ob11hl,v no , IJuL [ Lhink .oroJal,ly .v01 1r 110i s e .in .vour · nte r com was - ·r - wns s o mucl1 rn0.r Limn L111J..L y(/ 11 pr· li abJy didn ' t even not · ce it IJ..!:i mu.It llS y,)H had . You e;cL u s e Lo .i.L . J'u t. llke flying Lh · p3 __:; you ge l somebody i n ie re Lhat is noL used Lo Lhe hot m11.k si.Ltine; in then. it probably e;ct s ri r etty h,j cLiona, ~ Lc i.ri 1.l. shor L pe r i od 01' Li.me , but whe n you :.1. r e usc1 Lo Lilul. , 1_,1,l' Le r a Jicr· i.od or· L im , yo11 .u1 w there is a noi se, l l11f, yt.ti know wh:LI. i.l. j,s and y u1 J e:11i1 p11l. i.t away . I t.1i · nk another 1•1-1•n · i :;c r·, l11r!. I.Ill' dt,;J i r•,. I.,, <I, , 1. l.l1t1111-'.ilL t!H·L·c was a Jccr 1;asing I di cl wlta.L I I did ,, If ) I,,irn11t ' r ing tL L'c>i ind tl1e in s i e of l.!11; :: 11:u.:0<· t·1,.J'I . 11rn11,t:< i:.;::ar· i t .v . /\s 1·:u· il:..; the w,1rkloa i s conc erned . J ,Ju11 1 I, IU l( l\-1 wlH•l .!1 f;(' Ll1i:J i:; ."L e;etl i11;'. I. ired [ll'\,) CSS , c)r' 1,o the l ack::11.rne r, -,: I i 111•. . Lli <l _ y,>1 1r fr : 1.i.k 1 :ll:c-Lri c :;Lul,lc; <: h ur, ~<: wurked un electron and magno meter we d'dn ' t get any performance at all on those three . Firs t f r om an instrumentation standpoint , we had - the switches were accept · l'>le even o me, I thought E wa s asle ep when we had Lo ttu:·n Lh o:;l: 1.ltin/-'.S on , I hucl Lo r 0.ar.: r1 ac r oss 1.,ri.th this thing we <·u.11 Ile swiv l sl,ick wl1 i d1 · o abo1 tl, Lhis lone:; 1;,,nd has an un sually ::.l1aped end on iL Lhut we OLtld r at: 11 1rntler t he switches and flick Lhem 11 and off wi.L h iL . di cl ym1 ::; e Lhe ... ... . exl,enrl'( No . LL wa :;1 1' L ex.I. nded? No , • t, ,msn ' t. ex Lende IJ i.d yo1, ever ~ e tllc Lh lJO.t:k encl, i y ou ge t far enough back Lo get Lo look in deep enough Lo s~ c it? No . Di you h ear it extend'? J\lo . I ex tended lt I.he l'i r s L Lime l n,t I really- clld.n ' t see it . 'I'! 1rot e;I Hrnt I.I 1 , r L i.1:'.I 1L wl ,a L - w( -.. pru mlJJ y - wl 1a L did i L ycle the r e , :d,1Ju I. 'J Linu;:.; . , /11:;I. i 1, c: u '..:<: l.hu.l. IJ ,I1.,.yorn) !,jm • t. h r<· 1,: ~:.; ~ome\ .11 in y wr n s 1.,ri th • . w•>1J ld 11' t, exl.«:11<.l , wu 1il d _yu11 :~ 1. 1.,•rnpL l.u , ·xi.end ii Going .l rough the 1·;,t., ;11<1 r; _yr.;I,· ali<>11I. 11 or· ', Lime:· <1 1 1r·i111'. I.li e f li;·:111. , .1 11: : L i11 c· 1J.::,· :: ,>1m·l. l 1i1 1 ~'. w:L:.; w ,· 111111'. w ii.11 it. at n.11.v l)B Lim th:.1.t lt 1 11ii-'.l1L 1-'.' :I. <nil. I.> i I. . w, - r v vc· t· r ·Lra · l.(:tl it , ::;u , i if wor s , hen rttil.11 i 11;-'. ·01 1 I <I l,1,v,: Ji; tpJ >( •11e <I . v.Jl1 •11 did _yu Ir l.11 n I Ll1c t;w i 1.ci1 11 1· I'? 'l'l ll ' .... . .... ··w i.tcli .
8 /\s soo .-1 as j L w:.: exter ded after ul1ouL jO secor s or so . What ever i L sa i.t in Lhe ·1 • ght . jO se conds . Have you got uny data buck on it y et ? ;;e;v n <>n hr.: c:ornpu L r . /\ny ul.l1e r q,H:~t. i 1 m:; on l.110::: U1 r e ··r Wl iat wus U 1' c:o:.: 1. o i" Uie ph o ogruJ1liy ·r 'J'Jie Wt;:.i.Lher and mar· ne pl1oto 1-~raphy . o· . you skip M C- 10? O kay 10 . I wou d like to say we got some good picLure s und I appreciate it . '!'here again , ll. w-u a pretty traiglil. forward experiment . We didn ' t lmve any i L"i"i.culty ~ri th iL . T ' ve P,OL a co u-p.l of q1 1 e:.; L.i nc abo11L Lile FJS5 . I\ couple of things thaL u.me up llli.; L night.. . You sa..i.d - .vnu know Llie sys t ma tic photo - graphy aer o::.: :; Ll1" lfnltc<l ~LateG , cvcr.v '..> sec on s , how cli you t ime that? Count , or c:lock or how . J. s a r t.e i.t1' t'V nt. Um r wi L!i Lhe ili1~i Lal Jock tha we got in mL u t:· · uwl :.:e ·u11 ::; , fi.nd L 1e11 J cor1Lr,,1..Lcd s pu. c raft o.n · then I I :;<•t• , 1J.11 J •:d ,· riink •d LIii · cnJr1 · r u. 111 at)( l took I It -' pi c tt r llid 1.11<~ :;wn,· :rn l, .i•t;L , du _y t'lll l.l 1in k 1.l1u.l, one man could o thi s by lii rm;(; I 1 ·. 'l'l,is 1. : iinpu t·l.nnl. l.,l .!\(' t'I i:~l1L pl ar1 , li O y ou th ink it l,1ik ·:: ll<il,h frl/!rt l..i du i I. ·t L Lhir 1k so ; i L wou l cl lJ • v c; ry t1 · (• fjc-1tLL o time -jt, and '"'ontrol t he :;p: 1.('(•c · n _1,f"1. :1.:: yu, 1 Luke I.lit- pi.< · l.11r • :; .,.. ,., Belt 13 9 I think you could get some degree of pictures, but I don't think .hat you could get the same set that you got . The set we lostin lhe southe r n [JarL o • M exico , :): beb.eve I did one time when Jim was b.S.leep , but it was not near l y as long a peri od and I think it was onJy 1>roliabl,f about 12 p.icLure s . 'l'hl s i s shorter :piece, but tt,e c1.1untry i.sn ' t v ry Jung . Yes . W•11, w-ere focusing it u,en Ed . Yeah , ( j us l, wan led t o get l L till :.;et up aheo.d of time, and by the t.i. me we pas:c:ed t he re we <lid.n ' t chang l t, a grcaL deal. But on the pass that we made a cross Lh Unit e d ~Late s, iL wo.s , I think, most precisely held. straight own and w-r::. w ent much longer period of time and there were contr ols that were made, and to sit t here and 1' .. ddle v1' th the controller and time yo urself and turn the camera and take the pi lure , you can ' t., do it, as exa c.: L 1::1.s you c an . • Okay 1 w· 1 L -μu L Lh1 LL in as a l':Lrrnat tve reque .~t f'or my e xperiment if at all pv:,sj l>J c , ltave boLlJ p i lot.:; on the joli . l•'(ir niw of .v011r :ieq1, nee ricl.ures . Y1:ul1 . 'l'h c ;>S<; 0Ll1;e vrie.s, L/1e ta.r g !. ..... .. . l•:nrl 01' !Jc] I. .
- .. Belt 14 o . K ., I ' m ,~c,ing o pu Lhat . . .. udrlrer;c prefer request for my experi rmmt if Lht1.L i:,; f..t.L :.:1ll po:i'' i.ble to hl:I.V(; uoth pilots on he job for any of your ~eq ence pictures . Another one' s Target of Oppor unities if you on ' t nee the cont rols ••• • • ....... . . . . t.be one::: I.ha we ' ve got you w ren' L alls ro.igh ene d o t •••••••••• . . . . . you on ' L nee: ':;r:a r i I .Y f>u:;:: CN<: t I.It m y uu know . 'l'l 1 1.t1ing l.!le,y w nt. Lo Luk.~ fL T>i.t; II r o[' iz ov'r her· iL ' s best Lo Lake a picl.ur, . You guys cerLa.inly hu.v• your eyec upen buy s11me of those things - - l.hut volca11 shot \..hat re:;hoL sl..r11r.: u re espc<· i.u. ly , \..ha ' s r eally going Lo give u:; L 1e miJ •age . Could you make a comment, ,just. on the general :; .u.billty of the :;p cecraf't .. .. ... . .. pulsing und you ::toppe <l once , and you were wait - jng ; how l ong djd 11. take for r ter: l,o build 11p , for instance , how I on.g co ld 1:.1. (' Llow co n t. on 101:1ybe p,1 l l j ng p o:;ition n gen ral? Whoev r go . h r t.c:; :;Lopp d l ' ~uy i I, ta _:.; him a 1 ;ouple of ays ror him toge ::1.ar-L·d . There ' s n(JLhi11{~ to make them i,?;O except that r u l.al.ine; rn:u·liinc•1·y wl1\t ; l1 i:: p 1·neUr·1Ll l,y nil • •• • • l\t 1l. yn11 11, v1• l.o n'1111·tnlh· 1·, I.Ii, >111-~I• , :t: : _y,>11 get• .v, 11r rat. •• :1.11 stopped ,vo1i ' r · in(;r-t. i1Llly l'ix.'cl u1<l l11<: Ll1i11(' ' :... rota .i n~"; 1m erne .h yo so .vuu. ' r r L :: t<.rpp<·d wi Ui Lh • r e:: pr.::c I. l.lt:-1.L wha • y~,u wan • ••• l•'o rt..v llcgrc..::; Jl r rni nu!. . ... Jtt:1 · :.; ·< •1) 11d . in l.l 1: ~:atn· v•in , r!o you noLic<' 1 rn.v rc:Lc:l.ive m,,l,ion i . he space - 1· r 'L wh rn y u ' r :i it:·· de , wl\ 'll you < l i..; Lur i L , when y ou move aro nd 1d, n. l l' I , ·,Hild t'<'•·I 1,:c1 111,,virl{J, a1 ·nu11il , l 1 1il 1-1l1<'l.i1c1· L r,~l it. 1 ving aro nI l5elt 14 2 was acLually oving Lhe spau: raft or whether I a:; .... \i cau ::e 1'elI, L '-' moving ar oun cc:t.use he Wu'.; ti umping it , either tha , now I .idn ' move you r eally, Jut I ' m s,lrC! that you quite felt some ( stabl e?) , ., I don ' t lm ow whether it was tha t kind of a ,hing I was fee l ing <> r wh t.t1e .r· l t, wan the :q 1 1i.·ee r1J.l'I, e l 'l'c ! c· ts . I don ' t ••••••• Y, > 1 1 cJ u 11' l, l,1: nd Lo ...... _y n1 1 don 't, l. 1 ·11d I.,; 1 .i <;l~ 11p Lhe:.;1 ' motion~ l'l'Um 1.11\~ ::Jl l( ' (.;CJ'llf ' \. • • ••• rcrnc111b •r :;eve r ,'il Lim<•:; wh •fl I kicke d into tl111 !'ootw IL thu.t you 111intioned ; you co, .LrJ heu. l' that , buL J ' w ~ur e 1.tnJ.t wa~ ,just :.;orne i.,h ' ng ,ha t he heard , a nd tbat I d i dn ' I, r ,.ally < i. stu r Lhe motion of ,he s a ce c r aft . Wl1F.1.t u.!Joll Lh • ext rnal ly ..... I mea 1 1 coul d y ou cli s tur b ••••• :;u r·c wu,r. . I. kn •w l,h • t,j in :: whcri , 1vhen J k.i.ck ed off l\u L I u.l:rn lo w w i \, l,oo . l111 r- d 011 I.he :;pac: c·1• 1:J.i't , :·o I ... and U1i:; was t1 1 ,~ t.i mes l,hat I wanted utLc r , and U1at wus th · 11d o f' Lh L<l i.i; L all I.lie \o/H.Y \lit, l.o 1.11 Lirnc 1.LaL ,Jim r em:trk(: ., one Lime w !1t! 11 J. r ealJ.v 1,1md1e off it har , : ,.nd wlw rt 1; ::u. i d , " 11,-y , _yDu '1 ·t : p11t.l.i11/': cu. e ,q · .wo d ~,:r ~e er ::,:c ·ond <) rt U 1 1' ·:p!'.LC<•erl:l. 1'1, . " 'l'I 1<·n I ,:ull I,\ r' 'IJ(I I, tC ••••••• w 1L:: , wl1L:t 1, .vrn 1 1"1u w , 1vlt1'J1 .vo1 1' r'C' ::;i l.l i 111~ ut.. ,)n the en 01 l,lw 11"::c , 1u1cl .v n1 1 l\i<'k ,t,, wn <111 il,
!'.e Li.. 14 ::1,u.c •r:ral'L ......... . l ucer , uh , t.ran::; ation of bigge r p':.rcentage t.ha.n mine wa s ..... . . . ' Caus y ou ' r only t rans J atine; y our .. . ....... . . . . . . . ne ed :;ome pictur es , si r . llc , wh 1L ? . . ... Di you ju · t. fix yu11r::;,JJ' in one po::jtinr1 ... .. ? I 1~::c:<1 p r o-pu r Liona.lly 01 · Lhc..: l'1Jel l.!1ul, J use ,1 , Jlr'Obabl.v , three quar L<; r ~_; or i.L Lra.n:d.1.Li.ne in 1LLJOut a L'or!.h or ii, ju st in the pitch an d yu.w maneuver:; t.lia L we r e mu.de 1:tnd l d i_1in ' t try Lo tak e out r oll ..... un I cli.d.n ' t really (put in ) very mt1c:l1 roll ; one time I c alle d-- I c· lle out roll on my tape a cou.pl<.: ol' Li.me s but pitc 1•.••• Cu ld you .... <lid yo11 lm e s t,a.nt. i..ho11gh L11at wh an he di these pitch and ya w ma ne v r:; h warai ' i., t r ying f, o Lrans l ate , he wa:3 actua lly monr_;Lrfl.Ling Ltiat Lh.i:: r;ould be done? Y<.::ut1 , al) 1 did wu: piL<;l1 c1 l i!.t.:l e Iii.I. r) c y aw :1 1. ·ttle hit , y aw , d1i n JiLI.JP 01 · Lh i :: Ly-p<.: of m:rnc1ivc r·:: wil.h i t. , :ind to see il I could : :1.01) iL and p1J1 . i11 jn :;...i .!1al. -1 did11 1 I. p1 1L a.JI I.he mo ion s i.n too . :;., iL w1J.::;n ' 1. l.r·1it.v , -1 :;<...::' wl11.1.I. Sim ' :; dr:-iving a1. . .. tha you don't 1-1:1.nl, 1.0 :;n,v Lla.1.I. Lu Lr un:.: Lu. .c f' roni po i.111. A tti ll i s hrce qus.r ers i11 Lr 1,.n:;Je1.1.iun :Lnd ;.1, quarl.cr in al.l.i[.11rl: . 'L'l\aL ' s whu . ym were Yc : al1 . ll l' m ,y 1'11c ( i.11:d . c·,J.r-r.Y i 11 I.lie 1,;1nI I pn1bably u ·c thre quar ters in I. 1·:u1:: I :ti, i_u1 1 ,,111 I a q1mr I.< ' r· in :-1.l. Li l.1J1 le , lli1 L yP t t Jon ' t. need ve r y mu h
· 4 111 at. I. ·. ,udt: . Ont: 1 , • me I 1J,uL pl ~<.:bt;•J c,v(;r bacv.wards and I did use 1.,ne g n Lo La. e r,riat out , beca se I j st didn' t want to use the oxy - ge n . . .... some of the ( numbers ? members ?) say One more qu ·ck ques ion : t..lJaL you were movin , the :;tr u Lure about in a one - side configuration •••••• LL ' ::; _pretty big , but it. ve .Y well ht.1.~, Lo be wlthin y our work area- - .:rou know, • r1 your :,;ui t, you ' r e ra ther restric t,ed on whe r e y ou reach you don ' t r ,, ci.Cb IJIH.lcrnet:t.Lh and behind _you especially, but out n rronL- ·r e. guy would ' v~ iluudt:n me ~~om -thi ng hat ' s i g , I coul ' ve ll t.ld ii., . '1'<..m Lwenty ft:: e t, ..... '!'en , right , Len .. . ..................... 'l'en by Len sec j ons •• ••• •• Wait, n ow wait a minute, we ' r e talking about Gma.ller tings right no w- . •r n y ten what? ........ Mov·ng where ? lJo whuL with iL ? 1 cuu l cln ' L inove i 1., 1.n -j nch , l,e aus ! l won dn ' L have anything to ••• how w,>uld J move i.1.'? J ' de Lhe 01.l1cr way ii' 1 mov ed · t t Ls way • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I'ropu I :; .Lon .. .•• (:q,ia.J '? ,~•> , I dor ' t. 1,tiinl, .!1i:; i:, 11:; , ii,'::; 1i1ll. wl\aL w,· w re ien.-ns ra 'ng w i Ll1 i I,.... v,:u.!1 . 1 8C•~ ,,,11:1.I. ,Y<lll 1 r· c i11L,·n!::.;Le.t ill . <111• t.hing ,Y lH J 1~ot.\.1), l,c , ·1 H ·,•1'1tl o r. • • Y <->U 1 ~uL a · 'nLer ul' gruvit.V L11:.1.t its hing y ou 'r talking ab out ,
j•,,: 11, 14 .r<:;a ly v ry ,1<"· I. I gr~ L pr 'I, Ly cl.ose . 1 knew wher mine was . These t hing~ , these things ar e weightless up there but they're not ha:;kets thaL fly away , one y ou get tlle ·e th ings goin , y ou gott a :; .op Lhem 1.wain i. l' you :; L:irLed pu:;r i. 11~ , if you had a • •• some me· ns ,1t' p r OJJOI'Ul>n , you ' ve f~oL :;omcLhirw I ilH: the :;i.des of Lhis able KO ·ne,, 1.1.n il' ' L l, i L Lhn.t. wall O Wll Lh1! r <; , i L ' c..l. go r ight through i L . 'l 'h.i s i~ tl'lc gen ra I flU ::; I.ion .I ' m 1(;1J.n i ng t : 1~ it , wel , I ' m try - ing to get i L . .. wiLh the i~tjncLion -t,110.t yo u can u se it ••••• aut o - matic tape cl.a.bi.liz.ation ..••.•• You ' d have t.hc :.;rune pro l m wi h automatic stabilization t hat y ou would . . . . . "ure . But wi.Ll:1 aut.owa U c stauilization you mlght , it would set down in I' i.ne ( re i; • s Lune: ' Lo ) t he mo Lion wher wj th tlYi :: thing you would.n' t ••• w iLh n g1U1 _ yo11, prolHl.bJy , wo11Lll yo11 kn<M , ho w Lo find , you ' ve gotta [' i llli ..... . . , . Y1>11 111(•11.11 , .Y"" !1av,: l.q l'i 111L y,HH" 11.ut.0mal. i e stalii lization s soon as y()u ' v,· held un Lt a I, n hy Len box , i L wo 1 s L· bilize you and it t.00 ·1 ~n _, for Li1 , i. t wOL ld star f' ring W•lJ , i 1' y,111 <:ou.l cl :.; t • .I I hol cJ on Lh t:l.:.1.Ji.]i'I. r· . Ul1 a1J wil.ltin limil.:; ul ' Li:; conLroJ • • • • •• Y,:tt.ll , [ Ll1i111<. ,VOii would !'i nd , )11l. Ll1;d . iL wasn ' L esig.ed to do that . ::,•(.; , j I' ,Y )II l11.1.d It :: _y:.:;L<'lll l,11:1.L W u]d :;l. t· av ,o y,) L •••
1 I Y(Ht hwl 1..1. ::ys1,1~u, 1.111,.t Wu. :; :;L rappc~ Lo you ttai.. 11:.1.d automat ic ··i.,.abil.izat •on and t r anslation of a pe r son , well , than you ' v e got the whole of a box or something that you were hold - ing whe n you we r e down in one corner of it . I ' m s u r e that you woul d ' nt buve engouth stabili:L.atlon con\..rol author i ty o handle the t r ansla tion ,1(' ·oml:thi n ~~ like that , be<:au1c;e yo u ' re putting your engi ne ... Well it depends on his mu:; s . AgaLn you said it ' s mas . If it were magnes.i.um bonds or ~ometbing , then.............. . think we ' re asking ..... . Y(::ah , well .r know what we ' re tu k.in g il;o ut -- we ' re talking about l,uild Lng a i;pa e s \..a.t on . I ' m as rinx.Lous to do th a t us Lhe next guy , h \.. \..h i<.: isn ' t qui Le wha\.. we looked into . I H.p-pr e c iaLc y ou r quest i on ; we ce r t ainly have Lo fact up to lL. ...... . On- sta.bilizat · on , uh , su pose you were t rying to take of (both pic \..ur es ) on Gemini , compared to Me r cury ....• Wou1 · it take you what? "uppo c, e you Lry to Lake one photo -pic\..ure of t he star , say thr ee stars , uh , w at do you th i.nk your s nsi.t i vity i n terms of an,,;ular accur acy wou d be for ··a.v, L n s •c0nds or I.hr ~e secondr; focus, ngular - wise l,uL (wh o ) Luo k pic;l,tir - :~ n 1.' t.h _ ho j:;,on n.nd... . .. change s ··our degrees 1,t: r :;(acond . Ol1 , c ,1er. 1.l1n.L ...... l.u UH~ d ,Y• ~ll 1,a I Ilh)n'? W, ·11 , iL ' :: 1i vr; r-y ::pc(: i:d qu c:::t. i u 1 vn p:c nerul i:c.ntion , you know, _y ou ' r· , muv i rt/.~ ar·o und , l1u-w c· 1J.1\ y ou , c:u.i 1 you C-ut!rl\..erac the motion un U111 vc l1i<'J · , 1·or 1n::Lanc' , Ll1e Ccrn.i.ni ca11:;ule .... to t ake stabilizer ••• Ycu.h , yo 1' d liu.ve Lo , i 1· y ,H 1 W'ant \..1) t:onrpa1·e i with Mercuey s 1.bilizer,Belt 14 7 you have to Go back and get moment of impulse of the control system, then apply it to the moment of inertia of the spacecraft, and then do the same with the Gemini .... No , in this case he ' d be moving a camer a . Pardon? Move Lhe camera to control the angle . Do you jnst hold it? You hold it, yeah . We could take them as well as you could in Mer cury, 1:i.ccording to how stable Lhey tie it . lt/ s quite pos:.;ible that you couJ.d stabilize the spacecraft better than you could stabilize Lhe . . . . . Yeah , can you get that in the spacecraft . . ... . Thank you . Uh- huh . I would (use ) the spacecraft to stabilize it... to hold it out the window, kinda hold i t out the wondow, you have to, you don ' t have lo move the stabilizer . The spacecraft is moving, that means that you 've gotta , you have to move your hand al the , an opposite rate, or the opposite direction, L.lie : rn.me t·at.e thal the ::.;pucecrafl 1::.; moving , I don ' t think that you· w.1.nl t.,,i do Lfltd, , l>CCt.t.USC yrnl ' ve 1;;0L U stab i liY.er thing in your 111-.1.nd lioldl n1.( it,, what, you \vould p rubauly do is brace your hand up f.t.ga:i.n:; L U1e s.i.de of the ::.;pE1.c:ecraft lin<i take the p i ctur e , then you' re going to get . . . . . .. . Yeah, you sec we've got a site on the spacecraft ( bl astoff ) that has a rud.ical Uw.t you ' :re go.i.nμ; to light i 'or night so with the minimum im._p11J:;e Lim!. we have in Lhe spacec:rart , we could fix it on a star ,
Belt 14 8 and g ~L a i' ixcd u.tLHude sLabili zecJ i n Lhis mo.nner . It would p r o bably be r athe r ... .. (uns table? ) • have the fe eling it would be very stable . ome of our section :;iting over the re part icularly whe n we were wor k ing on the Apoll o :3 l ting , where I wus ke eri • ng u. certain fi xed t wo star s on a ertai n l1J(:a Li.o on m.v w!rulnw :J.nd .Ji m ;J u 0t. clo.i.np; i "v<·i · t h<'t' with pul es ••••• 111; tHcJ11 ' t, t11.1vc; Lhe c11<.1 i ·:.il orI • ••• Ile h u<l the ra i ca) o n . On ye ah . . ..... .. ... . . You we re well wi thin :i degree t aking a fe w minutes of oxygen . You can hold it wl thln u d - gree or a quarter of a degree . Yo can g e t the exact answer to th.i.s if you just analytically •••• Do you have the data? IL ' s not i n the orde r of h un - N0 , I can ' t, qt1ot .i. L to y ou of'f - han My 0vc a.Ll j mpr ,s ::;iun wn.:; t.ha.L w W(; l.' <..: mor e :_; t.,.1.lJle thaL I thought we wou.J. b • when we: warJt cd to stab.i I .i. zc . . _ . . W t: ' ve luoked flt our agenda here, u.nd it I s got some general quest ions i.n the end , ~et, l:l. good si..u.b"ili:.::ation ::;tudy go i.ne; •••• 'l'hu.t ' :; i'in e 1-1ere Lher ,.my more questions on the terrain photography? I ' ve r~o L a question . Can u fr.:llow, y u \mow look a:L he movies a n .:, ,c; "if wt ~ ~ot any Lcrr .l.i.ri 0 11 Llt·re '{ rnaLLc·r· 01 · f:.t.l ·L, T c oL til e i.mpres s io ti J'rom w,1::t.· y ou howe a .; y •;; l.<~ r ua.v 1lfl.L• i ·rn)un , Llw.l. Ll 1t •re ' ;, qui ·e a hj L of t r a in . /\JL< n.l :.:n snm • u I' I.lit• )'J - 111 i) J i lllL L<.: I'.' I' i Im::; . c.:0m.J..J :<: It J.4 9 ol' tlic j'.)- nti JlimeLc r'? Uh , yeah , ost of them are I think, blocked , becaus e we have to be over the water, but, if I ' m not m· staken , on the lit tle bit I just caught a J ook, i,here migt1 t, be some land bnnd ~ . Oh , y e:; , ., ,J. muL Le c of tad, you r; t Lhree or four uh , t hey ' re Loward l,he end of that box of 55 - mill · mete r s.l i.de s . Ii, s hows spe c ular :; Lr c1.11r<c:s probu'uly, tt1ey w !:tCn ' t L:.Lk.1..m outs ide they we re over /\i:;iu :.:omewhe r buL they were reaJ.ly n .i<.:e . Those definitely should l,c blown up cJ.lso the mov le s . W e id uk a lot of movies of the clouds . ~r~ di just, a couple of t imes , just turn the thing on . W e were n ' t e;o · ng to tak movies a r o n us of Lhings that were still , and 1-run ed - to get, a ig s Lrue; Lure of' L 1e .••••• area so I took some over Ll1e }!aclfi r. , on i,hc - up over the northern Pacific between Hawaii m the UniL d ''L:\.te..: , abou L 5 , '4, o '.> minute8 . We took a lot of ocelill movie · .••• Was there ever any qt.1e ::;Lion in your mind as to wh ether or not you we r e looking nt elouds , did you always ge t ••••• I )ityl:i (J;tl L. IJn_vl i gtiL o.ntl rdgltLLi..mc . tl:iy.l i.gl1L , I.here .is 11ev ·r :w,y dotd.> L . /\L ni1~l1L l,imc; il. i :J .k ' rnl 1,1." l1ani t.,l ~;,:' the t~r,iund . u 11, q1w:.;l. i.,,J1 r .r u1,1 t.lw pi <:L1 1n•:;, .i.t. djd noL U.FJlcH • o be! Loo g r ound !1 11L w <· r c _yu11 uik Lo t,e con:.:l· i.ou:: \> I" ti11zc or u$t l aye , say over _you.i:· , e~c r t.:; or even ovcr pol..l u ,iort arco.s or 1,; j ie s and so f orth . W< •re you. con:;civus 01 · r: •c inp; Ll1e i1 1du:;tr-i.al pullution or the dust?
.. Belt 14 10 Ove r or t h Arica a couple of times we commented on dust storms, although they weren ' t r eally dust storms ? We weren 't s re that was a dust storm, right . Remember I sai d that is a ........ , and then we said well maybe not . It wasn ' t a <lust storm us you woul<l see it from an air pl ane where you ·cc the wind J.ow· ng on or prior to the <leseri. . I.Je et: i. ed i. t, wasn ' t u. .us t storm, j u:,;i a dusty haze . Ovt.:r N r th /\1'ri a . Ovt;; .t Nnr h Af"ri cu . Over no1·th Indi u. Lt1<::re wu::; quite a pronounced lin..:;e r edor ed . l wo ld wa y y ou we r e , far le s s con:;c j_uu::; of i t.. In fact , a r ather interesting thing , it ' s - on one of our firs t pus ses over the Cape I was looking on talking to the Cape at that time , I told t 1em I could look own and see the Cape, launch pads and everything was quite clear . But in fact the weathe r own th re was not clear at till. Some of the i 'ell ows wer e leav.ing at t hat.. Lime to go back to lk>uston , k ml t,he vi.::;l bility was ver,y, very lo1v. You c ould se e a mile p r• s0rn, ;Lhin1-: 1t11d j _l. w u.; aLJ qu · t; •••• • W,· c;u11.l< l :;L, ::Lr-ai.gl1L d< wn l1til. we r-,1 1iJdn ' t see Lhe hangove r at all . J\1101.h ·r- qut:::l,iu 1, di.d y 1lu eve r - Gor 011 C oper m,te tho: the r e w:t :.; <•La Li ,,n hj:~ :radio l.he s11me Ljrnc w hen he saw ligh ~ening di~ cliur ge on t11 g r ound . f!.:l.(i you - jll you get any stati~ that you might !,ave corre lu.L ,a wiLh b .i ng near di:;Lurbc weather on the gr ound . 'l'fli. s i:..; ort of a chanc: ot.rnerva.tion if you made i t . N , J rlon ' t Lhink I did . N(l 1 d.irl.n ' L u i I.her . W e wa .. :1. lot i1 1 i.ghten-· ng . W , • - •tJ • had 11<, •• .
,, l ., . J!cll. l ' No , I wou.LrJ.ri ' t :.:,1~y th1:;. t I d u . . • I ~uc s s y ou would call i t but you couldn ' t ... it did n "t . t a ny r ate . Did y ou notice t h e . . with t he fla sh i f 1 •p_;htni ng . . . . 'rhe r wuc nn a wf1Jl lot of light ninc; f;urc w.1s , .,outh fl!n ri r~ •'l.ncl . /\.ny more covcrag . on t l 1c wa.t(: p 1oto1--~r·u.phy 'l Y<';; on atmosp }1crlc- ph ,nomenu . . . Did you eel us t hou gh you would l,a ve Lj me to study t h m i.n" t rwneni..r.1.lly' I mean f rom the t i me that they come into vj ew until they pass out of v:i c w·t Did y ou g o t hrough the e xercise with the i nstrument - l et ' s say a hand- held spec trometer or .... Di I phra se the question'! I think so . ..... but I ' m not s ure of t he d ration thc:1.t your s tudic" r-equi r e . Tho.t ' s m._y probl m - I wu t r ying to p;ct some re 1 as to the duration !:bat y ou hncl nome t;l1j ne; ln 'i{-~h t . . wl1l: n ~ you ' d f ly a l ong in r egard l.<, wlluL th w Ll1t t · wa:-: :tncl you ' d :;1t y 0 . K. , :LI. '..> minute s a ter eleven I ' 111 F ~orna cl, i 11 i.;p ct romc tc.r- r; tud,y 1Ln<t Lhen you ' d set the thing p and Ht'..; minut •i; ur1;,r· 1 1 .vou w uJtl ... l,:1.rt jt o r jg i t s omc thi11" where you W< > u.lcJ :;:1.y . that ' s been rep o t ed to ·1,,, ;~> rnil., 11or·i..l 1 or· Trj _ p:iol i - I ' m 1~oinr; to st-.tuty .... which o f t hese l./1 in{-'.:: ur· • . . . . .Be:lt 1 5 2 I ri lookln(.~ :·(, r ,,1 ,,J(• 1· UJ (Jrj Lh<; v. r oimrl 1,.nd t hinr.i;,; like 1,h1;1.t you juct don ' t l'jnd Lh ·rn '..,,00 rn .l.lcr: iri fronL o yo u . 1/ow a out comething in the sense or a targe t, of opp ortunity '? You see i t without ad v n ea warni ng . I woul think y Oli ' cl hav • or, Lhc ordc.:r o a minute or 80 seconds maybe to ,. tudy i t i C you have y ou ( cq11ip mcnt ) al: eady mi ea ged. if you want ed to I ook at it y ou 'v' got to a im the SJ)/l('r:r: r af't as it, s ay . A ·min£~ the :;pnc c.r.:Lf't ~!t-. it s not ,lj l'I :icult . If' you've got a field to do j y ou can truck ,·tght on I! point.. II' y ou ~Hy a t h unclcrs torrn, say, off to your lef t, you could mn.neuvcr th cp acecraft u r ound t here and just ke ep pointing at it as i t we n t by. About h ow many mi.lcs would 60 secons - 8 0 sec onds W e] 1 of cou sc 2~ 0 down . • •• I I-.J ' o cl own - 'l'hat ' ... about 80 ::;cc·onds . 'rh:it ' s 80 secont1"" rou• hly . 'J. hfJ. t ' . right . Fu the (norm1tl) 11J l;.it1 1 t (' ·1 ' vc f~oL n w-l1ult · :; c•t ol' claLa ii' _yu 11 w:t1 1l. i t l'or va ious altitudes on just Yo 1 ' v • r;rovjtJ.cd t ·rniug h - /Incl J thin}. ,vo-u t·a11 prol,n.li)_y :· c: , :i t. 1 · nm1 the ;;01... down b l ow the horiz on T Lrij nk y o 1, < ·an 1'. t a n •;i.J. i'.u~ xl I' ·< ·J •i 111'. l 'or :i L l yot I take a look at :; 1>mc ol' t lc• Lruc·klng :i.lin on whlch we _ ooked l'or an object on the g round ,Belt 15 3 f'ound the ub j ec·1., 1.1.nd then tr:--i.eked it all the way . And as soon a s they g t that film 1'J.ml put the pi e ces i to make it - it's a sequence came ra it ' s not a real movie ca mera - as soon as they put the pieces in and in sert the extra frames so i t is in :-uh a movie came r a I think you ca n get , i real i •11. of .xu.ctly how lone; y o1; 1·nn see . So if you know how much re- q 11 i r um~nt y ou lt:1,vc· 'LS r-1,.1· n.r: 110 :i nr-'. ,1/(lltr inst umc' n ation ts concerned, you •·•tn L1·]l c·x:11.c·L.I .Y wl 1c trH'r y o u <'1rn c11 · wl11J.L kind 0 1· meo.01tr-cm nt:::i you c :nn make . 'l.'l 1 r•ri y o1 <·Hr1 1J.]:io l;l1c o n •'l;jc·n.ll..Y l.'i/,; 1ir·e lt oui,, Loo . 'l 1 }1 big problem t::; to id .n·t;if·,y thC' ol>jc r· t . If you ' t'e looking for a ::;p c: fi object, a. <:erLn.in t hund.e r:;torm or the northeast corner of the Red Sea or something , that means that you don ' t - you're not going to be able to piek it up ci.nd aim the s pc1.c:e<:raft at i t 30 0 below the h orizon. You. ~ goinc to ha ve to wa i t awhile . You ' r e p obably not g o ing to get it IJj,ckc out ' til lat •r so that your tirn on tl1e target is s oing to be less . 0 . o urse you k now th angc is cltan1~ing very rapidly. 'I'hat thing i l1 clo1,r you - -::.ay it ' <> rt f-:ht 1 ·low your tra .k . When y o ,, irrt see 0 t of 0 .i I. , ,. 1 .11:it J1'.; 1 -' .<J i n1'. t;n lir. r J1 1 1-~f] y ;,oo mile s r,.wn .. ,y nnd L you paes over ~· i L 'll h ~'()() ,n:! .I( •: ; ,' l.v/1L,V • :;o tliul:, LI"' r,uige :i :; <:s se n t :i :..lly doubllng . I f .v11u 1 n· :irit,·n:~;b·d i 11 ··01 m-tll!n1.'. that. n·qLtire::; 1 .m _ythinG like a onstant r;mgt · I don ' t 1rnow exucL_y lt w y o1i ' d d.o that . T'lis i s a problem that you J>r . J,r·t rn • t y to 1·c.•-phras tl1;,,l; qncst :Lun . . . . al thO U{'.l l I think it wa s . yo we c tracking T LI i11k. my 11.nr; wl ·1 · Lo .iL wu:; ;1 y 's , lluL le t me t·ephrase the que stion a out!, Llie se tar gc L:; 1)1' opportur1 i ty. Let ' ~- take t he airglow fo r moment here . There ' s the night air glow, t he twilight glow and the day glow. Now the r e a r e no ...... of day glow. That would t ake (perhaps a) second exposure , a nd you know where to look the nex t time around , and ( you can do Lr,at forever . ) '.!.'Ile Lw-Lligllt td r1-~low m.i.f~I it t n.kc 10 seconds to 1 - ~c t . . /\n<l Li c rd e:h t, id r·r(Low y ou w-01.LL(l w11,n "L rnaybe l1 minutes . Now ho\./ do you feel :il,out i f tliat w-·r:c prop:r1.!Jl1Jn ·<l in w-i ti, prope :,pc t ographs'? Either hand. Ii •ld. r on tl e capsul e . Ilow (io y ou reel about i t ' Taki ng a one-second c :x.'})O"ttre ~r the 1.lay p;lm-1 , a J 0- s econd expo sur • o the t wil ieht gl ow, and :L 4-m-i.nut exposure o i,h ' n •g l t e;low. You ' r moving a.ll the time , but the p l,- nomena ..u ·c .P ctt.Y mur:h the ~;n.mc duri ng that p eriod . One f,e ond 'r; no problem f o r ut; . l•'ou r· mjnuter; , you m:i. f~ht hav e to be a littl8 l>lurry. I t hi..nk y ou c:oultl probu.hly , ·i f' yo u tr·ied e n ou13l1 y ou could p robably get a 10- s e ,;ond . }'our minul, s- Wcll o[' c ou -~;c tti c: r,p r· tnc.rapl 1 1·a11 . . . . . . . . t he t i me to permit a fair amount of 1110l~ion L o . '( uu ' (l p; . t ~.umc LI I i n1-: Ofl Ll le - 1.111: :: p (.'cl;o1,'.1 ·a l 1 ,·u1Lld :; L•1.y- i. 11 01 ·bi L, Llit) pc1·:; n11 would have t o gu ba k in. ::< , ::l u,r·Ll y 1d ' L1·1 · 1.11 1.ct , l.l 1c <' >CJ)Cr i 1111·11I, \v:is t ,·icll in u oc ket and the ro ket :; L: di i I j · 1.1l 1..i rn w-:c:, it prnllJ. · in , too . W" i Ll1 tim i n1~ a ·ter our minutes , the ,,xpo:; H c one tl:i.<l 1 -:c t tlie ··:rx:1 ·L o,•_: :1.pl1 b co.us the thing was able t o point 1n i, i1.i. s (lj r·c d~iori vcn tr1m11- ~.h iL di <l 1-nl)ble u. littl~ bit . I w-u 1 1.l tll1 ' L Lh h1k y oi1 1 <i W":t11L l.() l1anil - ll)J 1l n. '1- 111:i.nute one , I' l l t ell you
Belt 15 5 t.J1at - No , no . You ' d h ave to be spacecraft-modern. You could get the rates down low nd you could - 0 . K. - You < ·u llld c rta:i nJy holcl it wHhin a lib.lf a tlcgree . :But now your half-degree- You ' d h~v · t10.lf- clc1;;rcc: ton~s w'L t.;r1j n L11c s pa, ·r ,·ro:ft • ( I think that w )1u<l do J L) . •ell t ' ~, all r.igl,t . You can build :i 11 i <:c:r.ta i n a.mount o smear ( so you can ,~ t. u. very good c'lny) . Le t. m ftsk you an L f 1 ·r thi n/~ - What is the ai r glow that Wnit :1 sec on you ' r, . lookine; 1::1.t now. llow 1 ,dll you l o ok o.t tlii s't W he e !:I.bouts is it (;\Oine; to be'? Well, i t will c at the hori:.wn , or u. tlegre e or. two above it . I know, but you sec , y ou 'r looking t - the hori zon behind you i s gone rlonw - b y very r,:i.st . rhc airglow is essentially - if you' re looking a t a 0 (l:i ffcr-cnt 1)· ·c of the 1 .tire:low - 11 0 1~ L11 horjz on at a certain spot . Now :t 1·c yuu Hi-il'I/-.',; l:.t J1okl,cltind y ou : u,<..l Jook a t continually cha nging airglow (,1 · ]\l<>k i n 1r 01 it·. 1 · y(.iu 1Lnrl. •·c c a c·OJ1t:.inualJ.y c·hanginu; airg low or a re you ;~\l l1 11'. L;o Lr ·y rtn I :Look 01 !l: u.i; n •i p;ht :i11 viewpoinL and try to pick up a pie e r,I ' 1 ,. -11·1;,;low 1J.nd l.r-11., · I• • ••• 'l ' l11 lL ' :: .'1 V<·r ·y l:-'.ond q1wcU011 . I W\ltLld : i:1.y one would 1ie v ry a't.isfied to Ha Ha Ha . 01 10 0llou.. l I also t.:ry tl1<~ o tl 1cr exp r·imcnt . I clidn ' t Jt'l( 'lln t:.l1;tt I <1:i rln ' L tl, · nk or your expc iment, Dr . I djdn ' t tnt : ; 1n Lo < ·omplu :in . i':1.1 ·L uJ' tl1 (• 1'.11.r11• · · ,, I'' I I'"
r, , •:csj_ l_y done tha.r trying tu Ln1c:k 1:1. ,; •rtai n spot in the airglow because that mea ns that if your flight pat i s thi s way, y ou ' ve got to aim the spacecraft over here and t hen you ' ve got to trac k it a long like this . I t would seem to me that it ' a easier to just put i t s ome plac e and h old it thee . MM-hmm. And cspeci n.lly f rom t be :pi l ot ' s s tandpoi nt when you ' ve got a guns ite or r·omething like it . m n i nto:Ln that apacecraft es s entially wings .leve l with ... and ii' th pitc:b Hti.,itude ' s paper, you don 't have to wnrry u O\Jt t he t;rnnslntj_ on FLc ·rosG the ... 'l'li.i. c j ., a q_ u.csl.jon on hoth '.> ,rnrl 6. Tn terms o f" p re- warned subjects , like thiu ~ort of th 'ng . /\ lot of pr ·e -wurn cl au.b Jc<:1.,r; . 'l'o your eye liow 1:ar 1,clow the !10 i zon could you .eel you could pic..:k up say 11 wea tli . r phenomenon . Now you ' re not l ooking Lhrough the atmosphere at somcthi gin the tmosphere . Do y ou feel you 1:ould see c.ay 10 0 be l ow tb horiz on '! Can y ou (:ome up with some e s timate there . I f you ' r e pointed head csscn t ·in.lly try the plane towards it so i t ' s ln y 01Jr wi nc low. WouJtln ' t ttri:_; dt ·pc r1d. 11pon wl1nt; t <-· J..l lic'ril)IDen n wu.s - •·uvv r·<· cl 11. ! COO m il :': llfl t;Jw ::i dv lii., •~ ; make it more ' ,00 111i L r; I>r1 1 ;1,.. :;i( < ' - I ' d ll0 ab!,· I. , ., c tl1:.tL at 10 (_ below the horizon . Tl' .it. we're· l l .li11< · or Lll1wd1·r ·:;L 1·in: ; , .I t. lllnk p r· llably 20 or 30° . I f :ro1i ' r ' lolil<.int: 1'01 · ~om<· 01 · the trdnr~:; Lh::tt we Wl c looking for at 30°
Uclt 15 7 l 1c.low (Jw l1(11·i·:,(Jr1, I l,f1rn111,ld, 1.h,,.I. 1,,,,_:: 'L p;ool p.1:,.r·i: Ln J1;ok f'e>r :an1dl ob - .1< :r·L r: . W'J1, , n w, · :llL.'J :'.Hwd.1 CJl,,)cr · Lo> tt1c:y hav e: Lu ttav h1.rge identifying fea,... Lures near them; mayb if we ' re going to start l ooking f or something like the . . . . . . . . . . . . ( could be a cloud ) -th Hcd fie , . 30° Jclow the ho iz on> I think you could proba.bly r3Lart; piclclne; jt 1.tp . 'fld.s is below tl1e: a pparent h o r i zon . This is below Lhc lor:al l1orizontul. H•ig} L. l\r:, to w-11t .r and land yrni cny ii, mn_y lie ?O t o '50° . As or . l ouds , perhap s abouL the same , 01· mayl>c furU-, r up ·t A little furth r up . Furth r up . To tell the di -rrercnce b. tw n a "'torm a nd jw:: t a s heaf that ' s so far ol'r tk1t y u can ' t te l l jf i ' s just, u ::,heaf or c.:louds or is it onestly a st rm nthcrin , . o 0 You r·P.c ac you f~ t farth r out th re . bel w t he ho izon . . when you ' re l.ooki r11- '. J: i kc• tl1n.l, you ti.on ' L know Ll1c d.i r-rcrc111 ·<' - One degree cithe s1de (•o ver:: 100 ' :: 01 · mjlc" , co if.' you ,-~r·L rl1;ht wi1 below you one degree either :: :id<' cinJ y (' )VC r:i 1 .t c·oupl rrd .I.es . : : . •i. f' you r,ct too l' los to t e hori - :1 .on _ you'1 ·( • •nJJ.y not; c· n tninr~ itny p int o tL t here . - 'L'loe puLnt !:; , :i r I r;ci.. 11v l'or say 5ct 01: 2 0 hclow the' horizon, would I.hat 1x: a /'.OOCl pla< :c: to /.;j V r.t man 11 v1 lue on to set up ·? J think 20() wo11. Lu lle ( (•;t::;i(.;) ", y s . ) J l;hink ';20() w u.l<l Ii ea~:ict ·.'(,11; :pirJL ·1 u1 ' L dilT<:rr:11L.ird, ; iri wh1,.t :1rnt ' re l1 )u v.·i.nf.J; aL. Wcl.l you c., -(; we ' r~ plH.yJ ng 1:1. csamc he re be tween giving you enough time to cet on it so you ' re on it when you get the r e and at t he same time not so far t hat it ' s wastine time. Really to me you 're not wasting t ime at al l when you tell me whe re to start even f y ou start me way out . 1 ro tell you the truth, I want to start looking as soon as I - O. K. 1 ' 1 l,ell you 1111 this though , jf you ' r - just eoi ng t o give one time- No . 'rhat ' r, no good. . \.J11il'l1 time woul, y·ou like , row? I was talking- If you. ' rc 1.i;oing to give t hem multjple tlmes, you know, start early and just ,:ontinu. out , but if you. ' re cj 1wt ~oi ng to give one time, then I ' d . 0 suy 30 . 30° . Or 20° maybe , but no closer to th horizon. From the earth ' s horizon . That ' s about 45 half the horizontal, or some- It ' ::; ,{bout'.> .... . . . • • • ?O . No . .. . ..... - . . ... .. .. . N<, 1; .i r· iL :..;ur< · i ,;n 't. M(ln· ,Lboul. a minute and A. half . Then he goe s . '(uu ' v,· 1 -'.0L t;u 1•:1 ' t it nt: 1. 11 on it. .at··1 .v , ,11ough L.,, l111ve the same kind not to throw ul.l .Y<)lU' w'l:jgl1t, l ' j ,J,li~ pi(' k ·i 11 g .-u·ound mKL wait for it o a long t i m e .... 'J . . . your re ul key , t ho ut~h 1 s t rio ir t titr~ you look a t i t it ' s pretty harr to find i t . As soon as you' ve gone b y it once , maybe mi ssed it once, the next time you c ome throu gh , y ou can give it up there at 10° if you wa nt . You know exactly what y ou 're looking f o r and you rr-1.i.:J n ancl pcrhr:1.ps l.i ttl J.'u.rU t _ up f or wc t1. ther . . . . . 10 further know what ' r: com · ng before and y ou v.o right up to it and get a Cn.u.,, you' r-c s Ly 1n ~ nbout 30 to do t t 1at or lt-'.; d own . r om the horiz on for 0 t a r up i'or· w - 1.1.Lher on a f:I rsl:;- on u. dw.nc:c basis t uri;;et of oppo tunity . I just wanted Lo 1-1.sk you thu t in your - part II of t h is - u nder the great and unde r the terr:Lal - what is t l1e r;;round altitude that you took 4 shots with the pitch down - I don't know if both of y ou were up or not . You pitched down and y ou fired a thruster as a preliminary to t he experi ment on t h · red:incal lir;ht to see how much t he thruster flame would and c ould int r-fe:rc wi t t h e t:Lrget . I was jus t wondering what you actually obs rved on t h e: /\ny brigh t ·,n ss of t he thruster and. e o -f."orth and if 1t c:ou.ld have any err •r· t on l;h' l.Ul'.'f:'. ·t. I )nv c n I t f rn,u 1 d. l'i photogr a p h Y .t . W-c.Ll on c Jmc t h:L1lg 11k · , you ' d b •I, Le l " n~nlly 1 -~ c l: over there and l ook for t hem be cause th ·y ' re ,.~o:iN< to tll.rll 01 1.t bal ck nd your polaroid probably l s n ' t e:;oin r'. ·to pr-j_nt them. 'l 'lJC ,V ' r-e i n the ;l;-.1e k-1w d-w}r i t . niJ .l , arcn ' t LJ1 ·_y? . . . . d.u eumc nL ouL ( ) JI t h e tap e .
.Lldt l'.; lG '!' hr..: < l u curn(:11L 0 1JL ,,n U,c l:;upt: 1 1. rad ·1 1,1,Jnlr. th1;i.L'r: :pror,: r,Jy the part wher1c: l,rie ti.pc . . I believe lt ' s in the book t ere , 'Eirn. Do y ou re(;all how they came out? You could see ...... light or . Oh , no . No . It ' s in the Sf.l.lll ball park, but the diagonal light that we snw mn.ybe once or twice . You looked l ike y ou saw it on e , and You did nee it once . Well , we t~10u.gnt we djd i 'rorn what w ' tl been briefed up to .... Did you dra w a pic:tur - of i t yest·r.d,iy't Yeah . I could comment . W talke q_uit a h .i t about this afte t he GT- 3 f light and I know Gue arcl John oth hacl q 1ti t ci a bit t o say abou t i t if you want lo heck t he not•s on it . You mean on the- On the bright Lh r.u sters , yeah . W a it a s cond . I t h ink tr1 ey may l 1 a.vc been talki ng a lot about the re- entry r;ontrol syst m. No . No . No. Do y ou l<now w:tw.t c·n uscd you to s .e :i L'? Was .it efle ted o f the space - ,-raft or wa::; it an uu.ra f f~low s rn whc r around /\ glow rrom bch:lnc.L. You ' re ju:·L ::; . , •jrp; ·that .. ,· Li on o r· tl,c glow tlio.t comes your way. Nuw - I:..; j L pr:Lmary or ::ec rnlu r-y ,'~ll)w. Was jt parti 1 s themselves Lo l.11<: . j 1'.i1L, ni · ym1 t;hink 1·<:1'l(~c l;.i on ·· off t he )articles t hat were round? J clo n ' t; thi nil.. you < ·ou.l.(l tc 1.1. It w-11. ~.; ' ;o dim, you ouldn ' t tell .
Belt 16 I on ' L trd nk y ou e: 0 1 1 hel p - - You d i sc sBe yesterday p articles of space junk? Yes vlff: did do you hav any part ic1dar q estion? I w o1il rJ like Lo h11.ve the in r·orm.1V on ·1ute r thougr1 . We .. wltat w:i., yo11r- quei_;Lion '? l was ,ittsi.. c11r •i() 11s f.tllo11L L11c mn.ounL of' j nk you had al,out he space ,·rai'L . Ji'r-om t.l H:: spucccruf:t? Wcl.J., 1·r om Lhe:: .;pa.cecraJ'L uud also I.he amount :Ln the spacecraft? J•'rom Lh e spac en.a.ft:. . I am rtL)t tal king about any .strange par Licles t hat appeared..... /\nd 11.J :,o , when _you w r • cmtsj clc Lhr~ Sp:J.c:ecrafl., whether you coul J ,_ ,;c:p :.1.ny ec~umc;tr-y ol' F;.11_y ,j unk off l.1 1 ,~ sp:;1.cecra ·t.? Par ticu)ar the :,;pactTc1:J.ft ,,nc; l c uf vj ·w . I didu ' L .-;1•c any - - Y <>1 1 diiln ' L :pc ;.i.11.y pu.1·1.i,·Ic,s - - ::, ,.l.r· l Ii l. c!,; , >r· p1,r·l.i,:lc•:; l ' lullLir11-~ 1u ·., 11i1d . I ::,,i,w 1 .11 • 1 1: lnv e 1 -'.lo:i L ol'J' . 11. w1~:~ a ,1c f' i rij I.<: . 1111 1. ii. w,•.:~ 110 1. .smitlJ psr- 1. i cl(; :.; t'l o1Li .i1tG off 'l. 1 1c :.,pac ec,a t? Tl 1( : n : w,:rC' a I I k i rid:, . J11 il , .Y <> 11 li ~LV<~ 11,) /'.!~O111cLr i ca.l pi. c.: t1u· , ol' LJ1ese w! 1 e n yo were out side I.! It.; :.; p: I.C C (; r:.1. 1 ' 1, . Wl1en _yt, 1t d.1trr1p the urine, you I I 1 • • ·, · : 1 I Iv lic •:1111. i 1 ·u 1 . :,; n0w fl akes
2 ul 1 ~,vc.:r . ;,i_i 11 i.om: 01' U em . And Lt, doesn ' t make any difference whicr. way t.iey are going but ou can see them come off by the wi ndow and they look like they are going off spherically , fr om what you can see . ow maybe they a e not goin g out the back, but I doubt that . n· you see them al any othe r t ime? Glenn mentioned that h e had :.:een L!tem , ice e:ryst,als ,h .Y wercn ' L a s soci ated with such si tua - 1.·onc r:1.c t1i.3 - Y01 see a r·ryst..:d or Lwo go tJy _vcr-.y once in a wh'le . You k11ow, Lb i.JJk Lll:..1.L Lhe.se u :r c a:.::.:oe:iated wi t,ti systems in t he sp1:1.c <·raft . 'l'llc xltuus Yes , we ' v got, , •~ water <.;ooler 1..1.nd I.lie wa te r :Jc parator and the suit loup lllt.mps i.ri 1..ltt. water anu Lh v1i.poro.tor , and t, er e ar e thi ng s going ove r bourd . .[ think th1:1.L it might )e pret Ly obvious that L 1ey ' re f rom the space - r;raf1 , . 'l'hcy a r e going a way genera Lly . .L th'ir1k a point Lhat JJm made, and [ !,hink I ' v made it clear , but nay be not , U1aL Lh 'Y wcr • ac 1 ,11u. ly goi n.g smaJ l end forward , actually , t lie l'ir · t. l. imc W<' w"rC 1:~)illg f'r-onl, r~nd forwar quite a · t , and it 11)0],,•it I ik<: Lil<' :;l,re:trnl illcs wcr' t'.ninis back, arn you hought well l.i1:tl. i :; I.IH· v/lJ,.Y i I, ~,1t1-'.l1 t. L<l 1-\u , L11,•t'(' is a l i l .I b ' 01' flow . Rut ::<:v .... 1 ·11.I l.irri,·'.: v-1• · 11:<il. 1tr'<>111HL l.ll t.t1)i111-'. :.:inn!. . end t'orw re :1.nd the stre am I i11 • :1.11tl I.I,•· Li 1,1, 1, , pu.r· l. icl •:: wt: l' !'.l>ing eqtu.dly as W<.:11 ti is way . ::n I k.1,,iv-1 1,hu,t, U1is i:, a l,IH.:u r·,y l,11aL :wnie p1..:up]' had Lhat there is <'r10111~lt )HJ.rt. i (' l L::; ev 'n in ti. ver·y r •d11ccll !'low area to cau se a stream- I inc: l,ut u.11p:ir,:11Lly not.. r:u r 1lw 1 Cu,1p,· r· ~::ii d lie L11ou1-';lll. Ll1n.t lie could tis it as a yaw r efer -Be;lt 16 3 'l'hc: 11,.t.r·Lic: I c•;~ c omi.m~ 011 . Lhe back . i'.1.tL 1.11 ·n we; :;aw U- 1 .L ,~ co1lld ~,,,b soJ utC;ly coul ,.i not use it a s a _ y1J.w .re;J'e r enc: c: . 'l'h1~ y w ·re go ing ::; tra i.gl it, 'o wurd . /\n,y way .vo 11 W <!n: g oi.ng , l.hc:y were :d wny:. flowiue with you , and it wu · tl 11. ·re wu c : l.wo nri nc d 11 mp sy:.; l.c ; 1 r1:; o n th · :;v at;ecr a1·t , on dumped 111il. LIH, r1 1;:l1L t,;i<e and unc.; durnped 11,1L I.lie 1 1 · 1, si. e . Tht: one on l.he r L/-~h l. ::; i.d c _ yotJ c:ou I cl s e ouL l.!1c r L t~ l1L w i.n uw and Lhey would c vcnl.w. .1.J J.y come on the lefL :::ide 11m l you c ou ·lcl .,ee t hem out both win - _ ows . Predominantly on Lh right side . Whe yo dump d from the 1 ft s i.de , LL wri.., predomh1a c on tile eft side . 'l'hey al vtay::; ri.pp -ar cd to l;e pl'1er i c;.1.l . ·t u1t r; n, .Id Look 0111. an d l,licy w r e 1~1, i n1'. s t -rai /:')1 L - you know you wuu J.u I ok u1 1L an<l Lh c_y wer . g0in v. :; t. r-1.1. Lght 11 l' Lhis wuy . 'I 'll •y wer v ~ry l1r i ll:\unL . /\::. u 1riaLl,e t · of L'ae;L , Lt 1c; pr-Ltjest. :;i1~1it. f 1.11<· wh ole flight wo.s - yuu ' d J l.l,js .r-i gl1L 1;. :;11ns ·I. uml _ y 1 >1t vl<.lllld h;,1,vt• a pcr l'cctly black :;ly 1-1i!.h 1J.II Ll1cr_:u - wi t.h L111: s1m :;l1 i 11ir t/!: o n :LJl the s e par t icle s . I l. .,,,. t:; re:J.J pn:L l.y . /l1:.1.L w-r c: yoi1r Ll,0111'.h L:.; l't.- /'.llr Jlll/~ 1 ,1 tr-l . i 1: ·11a L i 11c: in th'-' oor ina. ed 1'. row1n - :::pucc:1·.r:tl' L •~>CJ>(;r•i.me:rtl wl ; r<: :; 1ml .hing 1: 1s to be one n 1,11 . 1~r,,und f'nnC" 11 cr<:ril, J,y w ll.l1 yoltr - dtJ i nt~ S (l11<.: .hing else f r om .,he :; I ,:;.c ·1'€ : r-:.1.l' l. . I l.l1i11k _ y,, 11 w1111i d lie :t!,!c Ln d o :; i1111l:ll1 i nc; l il, • Lhat . '{,>1 1111• J.11 l :t.Y i 1\/'. twl. p:d .l.,· 1· 11 :; ,in l.11<· 1'. r· u11nd r·u r· visual . t ll1 , J, · L ' :.: :: :i._ y ::,·:t l.i11 1'." l11 11Ti, · 1i 11t ' d r· :.:,)1111.:Lhi11;~ ;.;uch ns that where~E:lt 16 4 _yuu would vi.sually you WOl1ld oLse r vc something clown below you . We we re essentially oing someth i ng like that on our fl ight - on our f' ight plan , and we didn ' t follo w i t exactly . We were gett i ng informa,ion f r om the gr ound on when to do cer tai n thi ngs . W e we r e r,::s nt,i:J.ll.Y ,Juir1t_'.; i,h r.i.t.. . 'l'I 1(.;_y Lu I cJ u :; ~ ,h 11 W(; w • r<; cuin i rig )v, • r· C:nrJa , 1t h11 r-r i c an ' , a nd the l111r-rj<.:nnr-; n1.1.m(; , e~i v : a.<.:r; ll1 in l. ::; ul' U1r: ~Kten siv L;]oud areas . .L L w a~ 1 nfort..un Le at t..hut. 1.jJnc i.. huu1.~ tJ • trie r e w re no c.:haracter i s t i c cloud s i..ha L charucte r i zed a t r opical s Lorm . '!'here was ju st a b ig ::::truct r e or c l ud mas s we took some pic t ures of i t . They don ' t ci ve you. t..h ' c i r c.:ulati.ori Lhu.t you would like to se e , but they <.:n11 tell yo 11 - tl1.i s is wtint we did on the g r o und t r ack ing too, t h e y 1,old u s wl,c ·c t..o Jook Lo p.ick itp < ·c r-l:1.1..i.n tar gcLs . W e <lid , we pi cked vi•; d id. 1,/-te :~ IJ.Tne rJ,(; Lu.al) y .,,i th g . L t, i n 1-(. Ln t., t he a nomaly . We had r-cq1 e~ 1,e < J p >Si tio11 v e.tSL!S aJ.L • tude . We llad to hange time and run ours ()WTl u l ittle it . As a mo.t't..er of f a t we got orbit tracked up Lli re which we couldn ' t rctLll.'f do a g r eat d.ea.l with o,tr o wn selves b ecause the or bit t r a ck J1 1i1l Li1'.1e u, , < ;k r·i gl1L u.J.ong iL and we covld irn.le-μcnden ly know at a 1.irne when W (; were; r..:oinil w o v r ;in 0 11,jcct of in t.cre s t n th~ g r ound . 1,: r1 , di_ d ,y ou ex:r>• ri.cncc any .iJT · cull..'f in operaUon o t he .. .... . .. .' Lili n<-lL :;11n, wl1 eLl1t• 1· we bud 01ie r two rlil 'fi c·11II.I•·:; wi l.11 jt,_ vJl1t~I! W V - I lir,111gl1L Lile' ,: rnne r 1:1. IJll kin and 1~:wc.; i I. l.0 ,J i rn, lie s ui<I i I, .,n w .;c.;t, ,ir 1 u l>o 11t. .. .. . I ,1. wl11: n y ()11 l11 t r1 cl c.!d ii. I.,, Ill ' :;um• l.i 111<. ln.Le1 ·.
, :Belt 16 5 :,ome t i me later , bu t we don ' t know whethe r we got gimrr.i ed around i n ,he s a ce craft or whether it wa s my big fat handed ·glove I tur ned Lhe wheel and ac tually tur n ed it about - you have t o turn it th i s way to find out what y ou turned it _to an d I aJn afraid - of course J: he] d j t Ui • 3 ~,u.y and I could huve c i rnc that w· t h the hand on the v I t)t.:J< . '.:lo , Lit i.::: mi 1 - ~hL l,c urn.: :::ou.:r·,·< · u I· <.:rror- wh i.ch wo ul hav e bee n , Iii..: l.1.1 Ll,e 1.>1H..:rul. i.un 01· .i. L. i\no Lh, ; r- "nc tho ueh , t hat we had prior t.o tl1c Lim(.: t haL c >ntirn1<)llS tuk.lng plcLure s, the ins ide .shutter (loesn L ba<.:1< - oc::m ' t op .n - :.;o y oI1 drop the J'ront shutte r all _yo11 ,m.nt and you get a black J'rmn' :,.nd we go t, quit e a weries of black f'.rames on L11e 1':i.Jm . But thi~ may lie u. mechanlcr.i.l problem t hat we had , as fa-r as ope r ating Lhe c1.JJT1e r a , t.11e moun t ing of the camera on the gun l tself, made it difficult Lo operate . '1.'he s ame th · ng, if yo u had a crun.erc,. tl1a.L was j foot w.Ldc and one and one-half foot .Long it WO il l.<.J l;C! hu.rde r Lo OJ) : r-a. te . I reuJ.i.zc Ll111t . I ri i,j _ cctl thut in oft(; of y our' shots from the space - <· nd' L .YOH l1 u.<l 1.1 wh i Le ~we .u · i n LlJ pr i r1L . Now , is thr.,,i., on e y ou · 1· x. pc.: ri1 :nc ·d ul.s,1 d11r · n,v; .vu11r l.r-ai.nin1-~ period ':' '1'1 1<; wl,il.c :~1 11c1n·, I l le li : v ~ ! i:: I.IH; 1' i cl .1ir·c Ji111 t.ookof Llie window, ·,.rnl i i. l 11.1.<l LJ1.1 lL ::,m1 : n r· ,, 1 1 L11c wi ndu~, . i!u , 1. 1, i .<.; w ,i.:; i n Lh <.: p:tiJ1L l.1..s•lf.' . Yu 11 loow Lli c 01e I 1uureferri ng Lu . Yu. :, 1,1 10 0 11.; yo11 t ook .r Le;hL r 'iE hl. l'r nt. no s e straigh t int o Jim ' s window . Is Ll1js th e un ·' wi LI, Lhe whil.t: syme t..clcal s t r eak all the 'l 'i ii.1.L ' s rt g l, L . 'l'lH: r t · ;1.rc; : , 1·r: rn11 : :; .
1:,-'.Lt 16 le i..LJ' not. '.~IH't; wh :,,t, Ll,c, _ y 1.t.rE: i.tL ,;.I f . 6 'i'l1ere is a ::iymmei.r i.c:al one on each one of them . ~/ell , i. t goes back acr oss the fi lm~ about 90 de g r ees. I s it stra · ghi ? :~tra.l!:!:ht , i.L ' s a ]')retty , ·he same w-i tlL!1 all the way across . ·1 L m Lr.~l1L b<; ln.Y !it1.IJ11cl. L L<; - down GLrnp . I\Ju , l.11is W'IJ.,~ a <l il 'I' rc: nL •r.po!.:11 c!; 011 1,utr , sicJ es . 'J'l1 is i.s par I. ic:u.lar too, l1eca1 se tht: exposure goes all the way 1:.1.<...:ross th e fllm . You .......... . It is noL with · n the r rune itself. So there ls a p eculiar ity there . Wjth respect. to the bl ac.;k f r ame , the people have lo oke d at it and tliey don ' t Lllink t.hi.s j s a mechan •c:.1.l p ro le . It is <1.n exposure problem mo ·l, likely . We a r c .i.nves1, igating i t fur ther . 1 also , was ulk ing Lo some people on I.he cam n.ts on i i.. and they l'1!lL I.J1nL il. wus an imag of some L_y pc wi t.h U,, br ightness out there , I.L wouldn ' t b e black . 'l 'l1cn~ wou.L· I, an im11g L11 .r e yo1i c:u11.J.d bring i L out . Ar·i] L/1c:;e Lhings reull,y bl.a.ck. , or j :; LJ1e r e anything on it? Wt-, 1.1 , 1 dor1 ' I. lmuw . Wr~ .ittt;I, helrl i L trp J ike t.!ti.~; and looked down , a11d that is a 0u all we• 111;1.vr~ done., Loo , ,Jim . T d.un ' I. u1.· 11k - 'I '! 1:1.!, i ,; LJ 1e: , ,n J y w. y l I u.1 ve nn i C:ll11 J d11 ' L see ·Lll., th i ng . • L li:wc,11 ' I. r- 11n 1.1. 1'.uud. <10Lai Led :JL1HJy .vet . l',1 11. u ,. :; l , r· i 1-'.lrl. a1J i I. ic ,i1il. l.111'1·,~ , .i 11::I, ,·emcm L'1 · t.ue ii w a s my l.lwn· . I iJp11 ' I. :;,•c! l1ow , (•vc,r, 1,t. 11. ll >OO ; t,,ca11S1J wi h the recommended
7 :~c, LL i n1 ~ I Li't." n.k .is abou L '.:>UO that yo u would have some type o f an underexposed someth ing yo can see ....... . I think so . Our measured success o f that camera hasn ' t been high. I 'm al'raid every time we med it , j t failed . ()f cour·!;e we are getting fl of the se thin{"s , but when we go t o l) , Lr<1.ce Lhern own, we can ' t rr::nlly Li_e them down . We Ll, I can tie do'Wrt al;out ;; Limes for you . When the film in the td .ti Lwle chamber in exa<: Lly Lbut moue , the s hut Le r doesn't fall, Ll 1c mir.i:or in L11e l;ack doc,::;n ' t fall. I L' s ~ ~ )t a lmnd.le < .>n tlluL one and he discover d the r E:ason for i t . 'l'l1cy l 1 ud i, I 1Ls c1uncra bcl. 1, u.L McDormcJ.l r igh t no-w . 'J'r c twc we had o u L 1 e .f'.L.i ght . 'l'tie onE: we ha.d on Lhe fli ght and they a r e l ooking at H to see if the r e we r e any of tho se kind of' event f'r ames, that t hey found . I s t hat the one - - No , the problem that the y found in the altitlJde chambe r was a b ent part, . But they don ' i.. know how it J';Ot bent , they don ' t, know what mude j L bc 11 , buL t.11cy· 1..1:r:e going Lo look at Lb.i.s camera to to see i 1' l,li r:c wr 'rc n.lly of' tl1ose kin s o l" frames n.p11arent . I l.hi1 1k w-hul. i. " ul::;o 1- nl.e rcs Ll11g i ,l , me . I r emember l oking in the J. co1 J I c 1 Looi\ at, t.tie ro I J o I" U1c or i c; "Lnn.l s e ()lte n(.;e and I think we r:uuJ Li ulmo;~ L Le I I Li' we ll n.d u co.mer.a fn.i.lLtre ur we h ucl an e xp osure I·a u .1a-C; . I1 1- r:a.11:.;1..! L.l1" 'x-posu ce fall11:r , you l1ad lt , :t'rom then on8 .Y<)1t1· J i c:Lucc: .~ 1-1<,ulrJ b<.: I; I ,J.<;k uri<l m,lyl,1; .i.f you riu.<1 a r c,.ndom failure o l' U-1<.:: mirro r l,:.J.c:k ther e .iL might Lake a pie L1u-e somet ime , sometime not . The oack plate - there were exposures on almos t every frame. There weren ' t these , I g1less a fairly lar ge number of f rame s that w-ere 1>lack . vlr.: r r.: 1, 1,<; l'r-:lJne:; ir1l.c rm i1, 1.t:n1.l_y thnl. ,tc r e blac:k on these ? , l<J , 11< 1 , l.b1,.t, l c1,c:1i lJ . .1 l~,oked - l d Ldn ' t luoh at all of them i,uL l.ookvcl 1.1.L 1)., J'uLrl.Y 1~oorl :Jtri11/~ u1' Lhem antl thero were a cou-p t c ol' t.he:m , one: or 1.w-o p oi.nt::: , one p oint wher~ ther e is a small over.lap in Lhe frame, buL that i s uoout the only problem that we rou.ncl on the black and wl'iite . \✓ell, a re ther e except.ions in the color that. a r e black? In the color, yes . There are . I tMnk this is - - l don ' t, know - - 'l'hcre Ls no i.rnJ i en.Lion Lha.L you goL a random l'uilur e in the mirror I.hen'! 1 , i.eht. , you :;cc w e nr e upplyj r1g U1j_:; un GT- 5 . 'j'trr e e experiments 1w<l we 1.t.re kind ol' c.;onc:crned a liou.t I.hat . I Lr, i fl~, yo11 [;hou I d be r-u,• .1..ll,y . IJ i < l .'J'rn :;c<· < Jitsl, JHLrt.i, · I<::-; r·.1outin1'. u 11t; the ca.l.) Ln when you had the I 1: d,r;li open . l.t' .vou did , wl 1al. J'lon.L,: u ,)uL'? Ye · :.; , we <li<l ~;cc tlt1::L JF•.r-Lt<:1<! 0 , Ll1<:rP was dusL. 1 ·ioatinc; f r om the inside l. 11 I.I,,. 1111l.:;idu, J: l.l1i.r11< l.l1c\.V U t' <.:! ,j1 r:;l, g ,l"Lng J'r-um o. high p ressure area 1.,, n. low -pr-(.::; s11 r 1· a r011. .
9 .. B-=lt 16 /\nyw,,;,y my suit J.eu.ked th y all do you know s o that 1.here is cetting something on the inside , also, we had a lot of th ings i n there that were p robably outcast . /\lso , Lhe insides were dirty . I on ' t agre e wl th that. The re was a efinite t'low of par ticle s :·ru 1 1.n irir;ide ,o the outside . liow j d you ge , rlE: glc.rve outside . l t..111 nk Llmt may have - - o , Lh glove wasn ' , put out , it went out by LLself . J cun ' L say L'ur < •ure U1uL anyone hi L i L , but Lh re i somethi ng ve r.v inL r c::;I..Ln1~ LliuL 1mJess you sc:e iL , it n _ver davmed on me t,~ .rorci . l>uL we J1nd .s me JierLutl::; uf l. imr.:: where 1.,;c1 was asleep and I di ' L huv' m1tcl1 Lu do, t:o I fo ol ed 1J,round with what things do i n :t.<.:ro g and 1 ulm sL had a pcrC'eci, conservation of energy until you relea·e an ubjecL and push it o:ff .in a c ertain i rection , i t continu ed Lo r icoche, aroun the spacecraft until i.., catche s onto a lever o r .i.t gets we ged in somelhi.ng , but iL doe sn ' t seem like when you drop u. ball on Lh e;round • L goes haem , IJoom boom, lioom , and finally c.: I.op" , t L is k.Lr d of l i.k, Lliat, . JI. keeps going - - - If you take ::,1meU1in~'. :iw l ::;pin iL , it . wi.n Ju"L "n.y th :r~ an d sp· n . I took •>t1r; of" L11r; l'i,rid L>1Lf<C w<· 11:u l wl1it: l1 W<'n· ul>t1ut L.lii ::; long tnd a 0tt tha wid<: a11<J v 1 ·1 ·_y l.l1i11 1i11d I wu11 l <J ,j11.sl. :,p i u i.L J ikl! Urn. 11ud i wo ld .i 11: ;I, ::t,n_ y 11,<; r, - a11<1 :JJ>i11 . Wit.I , m> ,lu ·rense j n - es senl.iall,v no /\not.11,•1 · i11 i.c:J.ticlll I observed , I had ,,. pi,·•~, or mcl.E.1.I Ll,nL w:l ' :-.:cr·e wecJ .>J1l,c i,l!c · n ··Lru.mentlition panel Uu.1.L lu.1.d it r·u1111<I d.isc: wi Ll1 a J.oop i 11 i L un Lhen it a a chain I i rJ.k d,~ wi Ll :ind t.lt n I.I 1< : r t: wus :,mot I,e r 'hain l i.nh ewitt, and that
Belt 16 10 c11 air1J ink as s c r e we o:ito t e ins r ument panel , s o tr.at the r e r-e u Jy w&s - U w me ta. ,J. link, the n 11nother fixed link, and the r e were we h • u a ['&n in 011r suit loop , und y ou could fee l t hat inle t v a ve un er·neath the insLrument panel, a nd I r e a ly s houldn ' t b e ·, c ry muc h ui r going throu.g}i ther because y ou only blowing just : _,_ smc.1.JJ por l. Lon of he uir fr·om the c ;J.IJin nd mixing i with all Lhe :;mall u.lr or oxygen in I.he su • L i Ls(.;lf , ' ' O y·ou ju"t sort recir c·ulaLc a. J j L tle b • t of air fr om Lb • ,J.bln and mj xing it wi t h mostly ·ti r C.t· 1m t he suit ,"ln it ,just so happeued t hat I noticed the part i c 1.e s with:in l.. he ..,1mcecraft 1, ndecl tu flow down .md you could get 1 1 r-cuc.- L'in i. Lr! s t..rcu:rn.1 in , f"c Ll Lh .rou 1.i:JI m,y leg a.nd. this ctal was motrnl.cd .j1 1::I. 1:1,l1ovc Lhu.L , lrnL up ug11i.n:.;l, the l" l al, pane] so that the ..... . l•:nd of tape .
1 Belt 17 and the Spacecraft tended to pull down to here the redefinite streamline down through my legs and this met al was mounted jus t above that, but up against a flat panel so that t he ball ad of the panel i s here and t he metal is mounted pin here . And I watched that thing start into motion. Really, I' d just touch it and it would s t art loffing. It would loff over like this and boun e up like this . And it went on for - one time I timed i t for ovc 20 minutes and other times for as long as 30 minutes - and the only thing that ever stopped it from t his continuous motion - this loffing back a nd forth - was a piece of gawkroll t hat we had gl ued on underneat h i t and every once in a while it harl an edge on it like a nickel or a dime where it essentially came off like this and every once in a while I 'm sure that that edge got stuck in the gawkr ol l , but it never, ever stopped unles s it got stuck in the gawkroll. And t he same kind of thing could have happened to the glove . It might have been put i n motion in the spacecraft and then just I wasn ' t looking 'at it AND it could have been rico heting around inside the spacecraft for a long time and it finally went off. The same th ng applies to your strap.. ... I think wll t you ught as far as u Clowout of spacechart is concerned, th r ' s a tr m ndous ex mpl of iL in the fi rst part of the film. on. my h lmet tied-on ...,trap . It ' s <le i nitely taking exactly the path of the low - omcs up, goes out, und aches ov r, and i you rec 11, the £.~love am out and followed exactly that path . It arne up and out, arched over, and went ight out the right side of the spacecraft over the top 01' the .
Belt 17 2 It conti nued right on out . You can s ee there was a fa i r amount of sun i n and out of the cockpit. Quite a bit. You could see all the dust particles . You can count the streamline on the way out . .Maybe we 'll have a tou h on these last t wo experiments and then ome back if there - just to make we touch on all the ...... the radiation exp riment insicle the cabin. Is there any comment or question that . . ... that this was the little ball . Right . Ed White, why don't you ·omment on that? Yeah 1 t his is a fairly straightforward experiment in which I ' m sure the people responsible that are f amiliar with it. It was a measuring device in which we measured the spacecraf t radiati ons f or 1- minute periods of time at 6 different spots of t he spacecraft and this we did at prescribed times during the fli ght . A very straightforward experiment. That ' s all the background ( up to) t his morning. Are t he re any questions bout it The last one was the Hangd.ella Sexon experiment W e covered t his in great, great detail yesterday and I don ' t . Did anybody br:l ' on tho. t cxpcrim •rrt;? I t hink it would be bett r if y 'all ask ct. qu tJ ons on t because if we w nt through i t , it would take about thr c hours . Do., anybody have any questions about it? No, I think we got a very good thorough field for i t yesterday when we went t hrough it in detail. That leav s t he vi sual observations . Ye s . /\nd I know you we nt t h .ough tl1at y sterday a nd I listened carfully. 'I'hat ' ::i riefl t . W won ' t, have. to -
3 Belt 17 And I personally asked Glen, Cochran, Schirr a , a nd Cooper if they say a meteor and they all said negative. And t hen you both said you saw a meteor. No, a falling star . Ha Ha. I think thcre ' e a diff rence betw en what w say and what ,;.re were expected to se as f a ns meteors are cone rned. Are you t a king about micro-,eteor.i tes striki ng the No, I 'm t alking about meteors in the atmosphere . O. K. Below. O. K. Below we saw them. Little ones . Ah , little ones . Yes . Now, one of the obvious situati ons is t hat you said you said a 7th magnjtud otar. c o probably your visual sensitivit y was better than another ob er vation. The window wa s better or something. Is that it? Di d you make a count of the num.be of t he- Wait a minute . What are file s you use success? Well, if you have poor visual sens i tivity, then the number of meteors observabl drops of f very qui ckly with the sensitivity of the eyes . You sc, 10th magni tude , you could see a lot more meteors in the atmosphere than you ·an if you .. . . . . 2nd magnitude . And the question arises How many do I exc .cd .. . . . 2nc o rel r of meteo1:s . Yc a.11 . They were ~nd or er. m e t eor s and -
4 Belt 17 They were quite bright . O. K. You saw only bright ones. About how many did you see? About how often did you see any? Could you have made a count of them and said, 11 Let's l.ook at met eors f'or awhil.e" ? Yes, we could have. Could you have sat down there and counted t hem all off as you say them and give them relative attention? You see, I hesitate to give you a number because I think that if we did, you'd tend to come t o the wrong conclusion because we weren't looking out of the windows at night all the time . No. Quite often we had things to do i nside and: we turned the lights up and never even looked out . . Oh, you weren 1 t dark enough, is that it? No, we already were looking out. We were attempting to look out and we couldn 1t see out because we had t he lights way up and, first, we were working at the window, and secondly, if we we r e we couldn ' t have seen. So if we give yo\l a number, make sure that you don 't s ay that, O. K. , we say 15 m tears in :four days and th erefo re they're going t o see .. . and that.' s not right . No. o. K. n1rt ber•auec . If y·o1, want H. number, I saw probal>.Ly between 10 and 20, but again I wasn ' t looking out; all the time . No, so you really weren't looking f or a meteor, right? No , we sure weren ' t . And you have tor member, also they occur in a rather uninteresting place.
the dimmer the meteor, the shorter the trail. r .u.aonti.blc . 1-,t • 'l : ,., ' I \ ,11 Belt 17 5 They don ' t occur up in th heavens , they occur down below you . This i s the area that you spend a great deal of time looking at i n t he night. You're looking up at the stars. We came to the conclusion that you looked at the ground in the daytime,' you looked at the horizon starting at night, and if you were looking some where else , you really didn ' t see much. You find out that sky, in the daytime you a.on 't see anything- I was just curious whether it would be worthwhile to spend a little bit of time looking sort of at the ground close to the hor izon and trying to count meteors in terms of finding out what - I 'm sure we c ould . Getting a count on. It occurred quite low do,m . . . . ... . . You looked down a t 30 0 and there'd be meteors ; at 45° there'd be meteors. Obviously well below you. Did they l ook any different from shooting star s from a baJ.loon? The t hing that I noticed about them is that they were short and I think this is probably because you're l ooking at them from above and the angle - the lengt h of them - of short , and. you ' re seeing them a s they come down through the atmosphere from above a nd so you see a line that's lonly that long from above . Up there it ' s only that long , and then when you look at them f'rom down below you see them .ome all the way down and they appear to me - 'l'hey ' rc probably microscopic . The random slope direction. ~.iometime s they ' re real 11ttlc tiny short ones and- 1\.nd I think the short on 'fl would. more be an indication that they were very d.im ones , b <;ausc Well that :..:c'rns I' I , i'
6 Belt l7 But what you ' re looking at right here then i f it was dark. To tell you the truth, I think what 's more· important is the angle that you ' re looking at them at. Well anyway, we did see a lot of them. And they 're not difficult to see. And I don't think we were looking a t anythi ng that approaches a 7th magni tude meteor . You see we could see- Well, I was just curious whether this was the reason why the - , Much brighter than that. I didn't see any real dim ones. As a matter of fact , since we weren't looking for them, you know, we wouldn't have seen them. You look up there and you say "I wonder what magnitude star I can see" and you look around and you say "O. K., I know that's a 3rd magnitude and that's a fifth and then I see that one over there is dimmer than the fifth and that one's evan dimmer so t hat eventually you come to the conclusion that maybe you can see 7th magnitude ... I saw those because I wa s looking for them and I could come to t hat conclusion, but I never looked out at them to see how dim a meteorite I was only seeing the ones that I was attrac ted to while I was l ooking f or something else . ~,o that might be 1:1. nice thing to ( a sk) . . . . . . . . . . . on the next (flight) . W 11, if you looked out for th m , you probably could see a lot dimmer ones . Dr . - .. . ...... general ~uesti on or something?
Eelt 17 7 Do you remember on your consumption of oxygen . You shouldn't ask. That ' s a hard one for m e to answer . I know what the flow into the suit was and. - Look, somebody might have given you the I don't believe that you could get that figure because you see it was an open roof system a nd. - What ' s not used goe s right on. I n fact, not only that, it comes in at a f i xed rate and it goes right over the sides. You can ' t get that when you ' re fuel i ng. Did you come across any unusual problem outside the vehicle that you didn't . expect? No. Here ' s one you may not want to comment on. Do you have any comments to make in r egard to the capability of putting man aboard and hide inside the vehicle , the satellite Without a ct uall y .. . ? Doing what? Putting a man aboard You mean go over and take a look ..... . . Sure. That's one of t he reasons we ' re doing this . You think lt 's perfect . Pull 11:p along s1dc of it and go ever and take a look a t it . (You don ' t 1'oresc, e.ny u.nus®l probl ems, do you?) No. . . . the tumbling (mold) " l Excuse me? Even jf it ' s in the tumbling mold? You ' re goinp; to use some good judgment about what you do as f ar as going
up to the 1>ilot 1 s There Belt 17 8 . It 1 s the same kind of problem we have associated with the booster. We spend quite a bit of time ahead of time trying to determine exactly how much of t he tumbling b ooster we could plan to go up and take a look at and we finally came to the conclusion that it was good judgment to approach the booster using his O'W?l j udgment on it. just wasn 1 t a way to put a hand.J.e on it - well it's tumbling so many de grees and out of plane and you can go or you can 1t go. I think if you see it, you 'll know whether you can or you cant . Is the problems connected with the difficulties in closing the hatch unidentified? They ' re working on those , I t hink. I'm not sure that they completely ompleted the case . I w as asked to find out whether we have some lubricants in the very close cauldrons was contributed I think that kind of inf'orma.tion should come from t he systems people who have done a lot of work on it. Yes, t t ' i t1k ..... •.••• . •..•...•••••••.••.• Are there any other general questions? Yes, I have one . In your effort to photograph specif i c objects on the groun, wh~t kind of siting devices - . did you use optical siting? Did you try at any time to use the reflex viewing arrangement of the 35 mm? uh siting deviL:e For siting '/ yes . We looked out through it but it was mounted in s uch a manner that you
Belt l7 couldn 't do any more than look out. You couldn' t aim at a particular point and correct for- No, because it amounted to looking over this way and then controlling the spacecraft back that way. In addition to that, you had up and down, which is worse. A redu ed . That' s the reason I a sked the question. I wondered i f you had used that paJ:rti cular thing and whether it was useful . You could see what you were looking at, yes, but, controlling a space craft, no . I think you could have ma.de a little near - actually got around to t hat part of it . .... you did the firs t time . But if you wanted to t ake a picture of s specific ob ject, and one person was controlling t he space craft and the other person was going to take the picture, he could take the pictures when he saw them in the viewer . control the spacecraft too it would be a - One other point i s how accurately do you think you can point a photo-system with the optical site' Cert ainly with .:ta half a degree . Plus o minns half ad gree . robably l os than that . Maybe on the order of a quarter. Do yo u have a picture of the site agai n? No, we don't . There ' s a dt fercnce between the open bars on the site . Do you hav~ to go , Bill? No, I don ' t . can give you n b tter answer if you come and ask me in a day or t wo I
Iielt 17 10 when I get i t little l~t me: look clt the site ~gain. 'fhe e ' s .. visual obse .cvations . Excuse me . Let m answer one mor e . Have you seen the tracking .film? No. Look 1t t at - you ould probably . .... p utt ing a grid on a screen . I coul< l show you what I was u sing a ::; the targe . You could ••••• feel the view that you got - that y ou ' e looking at . Knowing the f'i ld you know, I'm sure you could calculate exactly what you an do . • • l:l. tl,y whu L you .nn do. '.['hat ' :; the :; ' ·onll Lhj ne ] want to 1:1r.;k Dr . White bout - r:ornments of fields of view. Yo u w nt outsj_ <lc tJ1 spar: •<;ra t and then you ·had a Wider field of View. Yeah . How would y ou describe th difference in field of view in terms of your visual sensibility in looking at the lemo. Any problems about t hat? Oh, golly. It's like l ook • i.nc; ouL t .h ha tl1r-oom w i.ndow vers s l ookinB out the f ront wj.ncto, out t pi · tut·c· ~-rind > w, whi< ·h :is like goine to a movie th atre where y o1, ha.vc, it lJ LL.l e r :um t l,c>r ·e rtn( l t h 11 goi ng to (m . of tl1es wide- s reen one:~; . You l 11,vc• Lo L1a·n yo 11c lll:ad Ln :;cc it all . Did you 1·-·n<l l.11 c: :JI)l.l.('C' pJ.:d,,• <J11jl~c . .d1•q1iatc? Wc •J J., I :.;1;J, l.d. _ yn1, l1 tJ. vc to L10:n y ur. IJ( ' 1Hl t o see it . C uJ cl like y 0 11 G then lJ 1c whole }iorj.zon'! Did you f ind any differencesI Belt 17 11 ,L.LOfli--'. the 1,url:r. on '! You ,::an sec, the curvatu('(; :ln the horizon whe:n you ' re just l ooking out the window of the spacecraft. And then when you're looking out there you see - 0. K. then, yo~ could ~ompare one part of the horizon to another to look for variations. Yes . In dnyligb t . Yes. You <:ould sec a great deal o.r t he horizon out the window Did it look all t he s f.i.me - uniform - or did you find a ny variations? No, I did n 't. It looked just the r;l).me - like three more piece s of dough What about stars i n t he daytime'! didn ' t see any outside . /\nu I d.jdn 't specifically try to chaff myself t o do t hat. . . . . . . scattered light It was ver y bright out there and I even looked in the shaded areas which w e ren 't shaded deed shnde but behind t he door , places like that. Were Cooper and :·ic.:hi r.ra i n the d.::tyti!ne '! Go.w a dayel ow.Iklt 18 1 ,a .. , • .. ,.,, . <lce-p Sl1 1i<1a , t, ·•hlnd Lhe du()t·, J)laC !,';$ like that . Were Coop ~r rind. :·;ch.lrru ln the rlayt 1me? Sor t of date - low. Could you see t hat also? What di d t hey describe as the basis? They...... the sky had u brightne s s t o it ..... above t hem . And w hen Cooper woke up , he was mostly in the daytime. He (not iced) out on t he wi ndow he knew i t w as dayt ime right away . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ha Ha Hu . I could t ell by up a nd down .......... . I tell ya , I woudn ' t be uh I would hesit ate that there was actually phenomena like duy glow because it might be uh .... You could liik out the window and whether you 're at night or in the dayt i me . But it may (not ) have anything Lo do with what 's out there . It might not have anything to do with t he space craft. You 1 ve got t wo windows, anyhow . You can tell whether you 're....... . There 1 s more to it than t hat. You know you' ve got a b ig long nose
Belt 18 1 sticking ouL on th t spacecraft ; and if t h e s un is shining on that nose , ,you know darn well it ' s based on it . Al so t he light on t he nose •• 3 refl ected back int o the windows gives you a light . And t here ' s a. 1ot of things 0 1 tside that window that gi ve light to your eye s . W e roun that th · r e W/lS a f'l i m on (trie cone?) t hat gave 1ight to .vo1,r (; y r:! :, . The r e a rc so rnany th ln1.'.,e; n:round the r e that would gi ve you n. clu You could indeed be plo.(: ·•rt oi1 t into a ..... if you tllk that same spacecraft and I knew there wasn ' t anything outside, no day gl ow, just nothin g but an absolutely black sky up there, shining l i ght on the spacecraft, I wou l d ge t the impres s ion that I was i n the daytime . I hesitate t o lead you down the wrong p ath..... Did you see stars in the daytime f'rom ins i de the spacecraft ? At sunset and .;unrise that you c011ldn' t when you shaded b oth on e• s s ' des . Herc n.p;ain it ' s the same kind of problem. We had something or Llt wine tows; w had th _ rJl'.'ight nose of the spacecraft, the sun was shining ori the spacecraft any 1, Lu.ce 1 t event1 ally came into the winclows ...... in the fo rm of money . And I , onc e or twice when we were in free drifl. I could sees rneLhing bright up in the sky . I coul n ' t Le t.1 you wheth r it was r1 _ planet or whether it was a star or an.vt.hine: . Rut ,you • ve got a loL of light c oming into the space craf'L o n the drw :s · cte f'rom th sun .... d oe sn ' t have anything to do w.. h who.t ' s out there . It ha~ t o do with the fact that you ' ve got 11 lot o nooe < ; L.Lck·i nv. out , ,you ' V (' got a l ot of window there was som('Lh11 t1.1. on -t,h • w·indov, , n.nd even u · the re "Wll.Sn ' t any thing on the w nd ,iw , tl1c l i 1 .r11 I. com0.s 111 l.h wi 11dow f rom the su n and is reflected n ro 1ir1d i.11 :;iJ, l.11- ~pa era l. . Yo11 ' v got sources of li ght just allBelt l8 .2 over the place . It foll ows, th en, if you switch that , I mean the next time is ter ical and the next time was great .......... . that if you could get out in the spacecraft at night, ...... . You ' d sec a l ot more . You say it ' s "gre at " because you saw 7th ma.gn • tude :-itars, l'.,1i t Ed and I oth proved th t w _ could see mor e stars .Ly t11p; in an airplane at 40,000 fe et here on earth than we could up there . But Lhen if you want t o l ook at the diagolect ric exampl e, which is p:eomeLrical y ext nded ob ec L--you ' re l ooki ng through this little narrow an,lc r estriction wher .as if you ' d ·gone out s ide you could see this clong~Led phenomenon with ease-- th e same with l ooking at meteors .... You ' r e making some conclusi ons ri ght now that we 're not-- haven'.t made- nor m aki ng . Well I 'm t r ying t o get your impress i on as to whether- - And I ' m not sur e befor e when you were t al king ab out the dayglow of what conclusion you drew from what I said . Are you t rying t o imply Lhat ther e ' s a differenc be lMeen a ni ght sky and a day sky which 11.r 01>vio1Jsl.y ..•..... or b t ween the slcy and the ground in the <layt: i rr11' ? I ' m L r y i ng 1. > J'lnd irt l1ow w 11 yo,ir seeing conditions w .re compared l.o 1.lif, M rc 1 u·y c t· ew ' s . llh -h1 l t . J\nd tl e i mplication that I get i thaL the i mplication is the same condiLion in the dayt ime with i errical probably becaus e of the w ay th spaccc r-aCt ·s shnped an mult iple scattered l ight .
3 Belt 18 I think you ' r drawing improper conclus ions . o. K . I don ' t see why you say that the seeing condition s i n the daytime were extr emely poor . In t erms of visual accuity, for looking , for example at stars, - Well , how ab out for tur ning down &nd looking at objects on the gronn .. Now that ' s visual acc11 ' Ly , also . Yes . And ·1 thoup;ht it was oulstanding . Looking a L br ight obj ects , you ::,ee . Where you don ' t have a high contrast required . You mean on the ground they ' r e br ight , yes . The n ther e is a high contrast required on the ground . If you ' re l ooking out at a star, you know , you 've got a bright star against a black sky . That ' s pr etty high contrast . The same thing l ooking down at the ground . You ' re . ooki ng at a white road going across a u:rk. fi0 Id . Yo1 can e those 1.hi.ne;s . Y s , lrnt. t,IH' only :prohlem h re •i Lhat you 're l ooking thro gh a ha:G • o r n ·cattered lay r of ljght. ...... scattering illto the space - crafi. or on Lhe window . For instance, the case if there's no scat.t. red (frost) on th spacec r a When tha disappears at nighL you can •·ec directly througl1 the window and yot r visual sensitivity goes up Lo a maxim m o:f (phot ogr aphication ) . Whict1 obvious y m ust have happened because o the way things were . Lei.. me t. 11 yoll what I think . I .link there are so many things .he layer on the
4 Belt l8 windows , the light corning through, that I couldn ':t tell you whether there ' s anything that if I looked up above I could see an image, or not . But I t hink that possibly , if we could find a long black tube and a window with no film on it and some way of closing off all t..he liv,ht inside the spacecraf t , I fe el that maybe I could look t1p a.ncl T could have seen t he ulack sky ( and the stars ) . Yeah , we didn ' t have t.,hat , so I wouldn ' t draw that conclusion from what. I saw up t..here , All I can say is that you couldn ' t see up and see t he stars in the daylight because of' all the se other reasons . Now if you eliminate other reasons, I think probably you could . I wouldn ' t say f or sur e that that ' s r i ght . The point that interests you when you ' re talking about accui t y, is t o look down on the ground and you can see very small objects in the daylight . So t hat with one is (resolution ) and the other one i~ sensitivity t o different l i ght levels . And I ' m talking about light levels from Gemi ni , i n terms of having a niosy background . I want.. you to be careful of the conclu sion that you made . You've p;ot thre e 1.hinr~:.: !.hat you ' re obviously tryinp; to make conclusions out of', and 1 wunl. t,o be sure -t,ha 1. you didn ' t make some of your own conc:l 11slon:; out ol' t..hc:m. Out of !.h.is Mercury, they have Mercury, and you ' :re p;oing t.o compa:rc Mcrcm·.v and Gemini observations and you Look Lhe insiu.e- tlie- spncecraft observat ions and said at night it was t- '.reat and. in the day time it was lousy . Well , in the daytime I didn ' t, reel it, was l ousy . I dori ' i, know what standa rd you ' re com parj ,,g it against. YoL1 ' re comparj ng it against Mercury . I think ,YO\J ' d be very car eful in d rawing that conclusion . Ancl 1.i1c11 L!H ·r·e ' ~ rwot l1e r ll.rc a that. you want Lo make conclusions on
Belt 18 5 and Lhat ' "" vision o tside the spacecraft , and I (can make a compari son betw en those t wo and I have al r eady ; but you can s ee clearer f rom outside the spacecraft . And I was quite surprised at this because I had thr ee visors on : one of them was a left-hand visor which isn ' I, h p: 11 on OJr\,ica.J pror>e rt~ies f'..tnd one o • them which is a sun vl.:<Jr' whir:11 l!; 1,robo.lJI.Y pr tl.y r.1, d o,rti ally wj_ ha gold coo.ting on • t. and Lhen a 1' ex1g ass which is very · l. igh in optical qualities . And I felt as far as vision was concerned , I could sec better out side the spacecraft and I ' d love t o be able to make <•ome fur ther visua testing out and I think we p robably we 1 do this-- t ake the visor s p, this type of work, later on . So you 're comparing three ifferent things and I think we can definitely tell you some con- cl sions between inside and outside a s far as Gemini is conc erned , I ' d L>e very caref\ 1 ap;a.inst sayin tJ, that t he vision out of Mercury was worse or e1.t r w· th r espect. Lo what we could sec out of Gemini in th day . At ni~ht we were ab1c to see and compar e hi gh magni tudes down to what we felt was 7th order magnitude stare . ( The only th ing that )bothers me just a little bit i s you saying because Gordo said he could - he woke up in the daylight - pointed at the sky, he could tell whether it was day or night , and t herefore it was an airglow. Now I could wake up and tell whether it was a y or ni ght , too, but it wasn ' t b •<;au ae t here was any airglow. It was becaus e I had sun in the spa<: c;cr ft . And I think...... . Gord lol.l • n.w. . . . .. . . ........... .......... in the day light . So that's the s ond inuic tion .
Eelt 18 6 Yeah} this is a unique situation. He happened to be in a situation where the earth was beneath and the sun was behind him and there was no light ning scattered into his window or anything or at least apparently the r e wasn't anything . He didn ' t feel there was any and that he bad a good opportunity. There ' s only one datum ..... ( ·?) Two we re the re when they havc poor days. Shade on the windows. You know the stars are there; there ' s no question that they ' re up there and if we make th conditions right we can s ee them. Couple times I did see stars or planets or something in the daylight. I co~ldn 't tcJl you what they were, what magnitude they were at all . All I could t ell you is that as we drifted around some random positions I could see som e sorts of light oming through the window. I t hink the point that we tried to make also is we have been working on Apollo and we know that stars and measurement of stars in the daytime and the lighting conditions are very important. And on a routine operation in this matter, the stars weren't there . This is the observation that I felt I made and I think we've both been working in (guidance) . I think this is whut Jim was driving at also . I was looking for them in the day time becau::; I wanted to sc th m out there in the daytime; I didn't want l,O sec th m 'ln a cloud (Apollo' ). But they weren't there to the extent that J wm.uu 11 ke t,o b t.1.vc seen . As n. mnttr-r o.l' fttct thnt was one or the reA.l surprise s we bad. They just uren ' t out th<:r.. At lea.st they wer n 't out there in the configuration WC • • .•. You t .ca pnnsing star of a 1st or 2nd magnitude out there, that's not 1~o·Lng to <Jn you u bit of good as rnr as anything but saying "O, look, I (ii)
Belt 18 7 see one " because you don 't have any idea what it is certainly can ' t get into measurement . Results of this............. Maybe we can give Dr. (Ritch) a chance. Did he hav any questions? I w as curious as to wh t th difference is between sunset and sunrise. Well , particularly with respect to the shape of the sun and how much does it spread out in lattit ude . Is it different for night and day? We sort of concluded that the sunrise was prettier than the- no the sunset was prettier than the sunrise . The sunrise s eems to be to my way of think ing was more white and blue . But the sunset was many colors . A l ot of ed. It i s red and blue. They were much prettier. I don ' t know why because we ' ve got some movies with us . Actually we do have some movies that we tried to vary on some of them the perture and I think we ' ve got, at least at certain times during the film ing, we 've got a fairly true representation of what's up there.The colors in the pictures really do look right and, in fact , I was pretty happy with them. There are certain parts in there that give you pretty close to the i mpression that w got , and I think these will also show you that the sunset is u. little mar spectacular than the sunrise. Now there is one thing that certainly is different in the sunrise. When the sun comes, it rally com.sup wjth SQch a much higher rate and it just booms right up and bang it ' s light and a big ball of r·re from the sun comes up. Now when it goe <lawn, Lhough, it ' 8 the rev, rs, and it kind of dies out slowly and you ,·o.n mt.1.yb ::ilt Lher and njoy and a bsorb the colors a little more. Maybe that ' th reason . ... that the sunset is a little pret tier.
Belt 18 Is the sunset more billiant than the su..'trise? Yes. Contrast-wise? Right . How about the elongation? Wait a se ond. When you say it's really . . .. . ... . That was brightness . Sunrise 1s more brilliant. Sunr1se is more brilliant. Up it comes . See i t's dtirk a nd then the next thing it ' s light. It's really light. Sunset seems to t ake longer and the gradation- And more color. More colorful. What about the elongation and latitude? Is there a difference in sunset and Does the s un squash down elliptical? No. It doesn ' t move. It goes so . . . You .know .. . It takes about 4 seconds to r everse the whole thing there and it ' s so bright, you don ' t notice it squashi ng ..... .. ... . Did you? No, I didn ' t . No, I ' ve seen a lot of peculiar sunsets and moonsets; the s un l'tnd moon have ear s on them and t hings like that - It' s a.11 du to t he t hi ·k amount of atmosphere that you're going in. It all go s pretty quickJ.y and I didn ' t notice that the sun came up in any different shape was set, but it may have . You know, one t hing on t he f ilms when you see them, the bottom pa.rt looks like the rcfle t i on o something, either in the lens or - I don't think
' . . Belt 18 9 it ' in the proce sing - must be in the lens under the film. The - down at the bottom part ki nd of duplicates and lets magnitude look on top and that's really not fair . It doesn't reflect down and what you see is only on top . Did you see any difference between moonsets and moonrises? No, I dido ' t . Did you see any (classing) .......... of t he moon? The elongation that you see? No. I didn't . I didn ' t notice any. I thought the interesting thing, too, about the moon is that clarity - t hat I you see it ' s quite clear whe·n you l ook at it here, but also it just looked l i ke a little silver globule going down. It just goes right down. You have no scanning or anything associated with it . And no ....... , either. That 's right, it goes right down . And also, your vieWing of the stars beyond my cpmment on this earlier doing this. It doesn't obscure your vieWing - the moon being up there doesn ' t particularly bother you as far as the ( stars?) ...... . Then you could always tell where the horizon was because of the stars which you know appeared. And then the airglow. Could you also tell from the stars? ...... sort of a supplemental picture of the horizon from the stars?
1 Belt 19 ... the air e:low . Can y ' all Lell il' i t ' s dark? Some little (Supplemental ? Sublimal?) pi c t11 r c o f f,he ho r i.zon 't Well jf yo ,; watched a certain star , you could tell whe n it went b elow Lhe horizon . You J·ust can ' t look out ther e and say, "O. K. , that ' s the hor izon . " IL depends ·on the stars. Now, y ou can look out there and ::,ay, " O. K. , now , that's the horizon ; not because of the stars . " n ecausc of the luck of the stars ar,d also the air glow. And a l so t lnmd(':r·sLorms on the hor izon ..... .. .. (of the Lark? ) prov es that you can get. it ( pictures?) . But you never can say that and I never would evet' say that, I c o 1 ,1ld t ake a pencil and draw a very l'ind I. i ne o.nd say U,aL ' s the horizon at night,. As a matter of fact, in the c lay Lime, c:i t her . Did you ge L the point. that Edward made about the moon , though , that when you look at it f rom even far and high, you can see all these stars . You see t h e moon ; but you don ' t s ee ,just the light of the moon . You see a l ot of glow aro1rnd it . . ..And f rom on earth . But up in or bit 1 didn ' t sec any glow around i t . I saw the l i ght--I saw the moon . Right next t o H was dark. Ther e ' s not,hin~ armind j1, , It ' s ~har p . l~vco wh en yo11 :l<-e u aha.r p rjm her e: on ea.rth--Yon see, if the moon were her e nnd wu:-: L11a L b,iμ; 11.rounct. J ' rt Lend to see glow around her e. C:ver1 wr1cn Uie moot1 is i-n (venus?) You do a t Lime s . Tha t depeHds on the humidity on a clear n i ght . Normally when Lhe moon ' s out on a c:lear n i gh L, y ou have a lot of h aze and stuff around it . (that ' s noL Lhere ? ..air?) which you ' d expect when ,vou ' t·e out, of t he atmosphere . You know, we received a picture in t.11c ma i I whi(•t1 Lr .von ,'tt1::;L , t1a v.Lu1-'. been o n a space fli ght , I think2 Belt 19 it. mc::nns a little more Lorn .... now thai, I th · nk about it . Expec •ally n.s yo11 look at i L row and thE: artist has t aken these thing s and he ' s p ut them in very clearly on a stark black backgrou nd-- and you k.now and yo u say , " Gee , sn ' , Lha t artificial looking ?" But that's not rLif <..:ial looking . That ' s the way it ally doe s loo k . The rnoon ' :~ n I.her n a. :1La k hla k. l>·· ck.μ;rotmd ( and the other artists should [pr;1,inL ] J.ik. U1at . ) I ' cJ like to ask CoJonel White what color was h .i s ( w::1.!,ch) ( uL sh ) .T st s · lvery whiLe ................. I suppose . . . . . . . . . . . . " Dr . (Acre )"- - I take it yo would not have any trouble findin e the sun if you were to try orienting at som angle with r espect to this ..... . You w uldn ' t hav e t o do too much ,·earching if you wanted t o l ine up with Lhc sun in orde r to ....• No N >. Yo1i can 1 ~ ne ally tell wh ·re it is by the brightness. The .:;rune holds Lr11e wilh ~ln (open lo.nd.ing). You c1n find it on tt1 way in . It's easier ·-r you ' ve got an att i tude rcfer cnc w· Lb iner1.ia1 rcferen e,3 working and you just go up ther e und s woop ,•t<.:ross Lhe sky and yon cn.n find it . nut if you ' ve got to /1; L l ip .•. You 'v e: ,~o t Lo v,o find it w·tho11 nny references (out in the spa.ce r:r a f'L) , I 1 ;:ucs j f yo11 g t o n the l1ori zon an get all set and then start. a _pj 1.c11 raL , or somet'n • n{;: _yo11 o..;a,n 0 0 find it . ut when y ou 'r e dri f'L i n1 ~ rr·ccly . , u.nd you on ' L know 11rhich way is d own, you s imply end 11 p l 001<. i 111-' . 11 p a I. 1.hc :~k.Y and you cl o 1 ' t know how to get o the local 11 ir.izont..<.1.l--i I. rni (.'.ld. I>(, r · 1 - '.llL t.hc r 1• ~n your _ plane here and yo 'reBelt 19 3 not s 11re 1m Li l _yo11 :-- LarL loo kJ n v, for it l i ke this and you can search around for a long Lime . You ca s arch a l ong t · mc ... And never get back do wn to the horizon, but if you es t ablish (a per rate ) wel l you can get the e . 'rh e b i g thing is how mu ch f u el you ' v p;ot. Lo expend . You ~e r'i b •:hL on the 'horizon ancl p · c k up...... Mi l ky W ay we l l i t can help you... we 1 you can geL I.here . The big 'Lh:i.ng is how much fuel you ' vc g ot 1.0 cxpr:nd . You get, ri gh t.. on t h e horiz on and pick up.... Milky Way, 1veJ. i L can help yo11 . Dr . (Ayer) , 1. think we ' re p; •t1,ing clos e t o time t o go home here In r e g a r d Lo your (meter ) pror•:ra!l'I ( in your notes that y ou made in t he auditor ium ) c ould you mo.kc any re commendati on s a s t o the new make - up ot· th at meter progr am? I think Ed and I hav e a cormnon -recorrnnendation th at we don ' t f l y many mor e flights in GMI' and elaps e time at t h e s ame t ime . W e ' ve got a oner al p roblem Lo kinda s ort all this stuff out , and I think we our~ht Lo r J.v Lhc s Lhings jn allot. - time s ... I think that ' s the one r: i.nv.J e r comm II a1.ion we ' cl muk, Llin.t·. s ands head and shoulders ab ove J ot.ber <HILS . 'f' r,yin t, L orrel!:d. t he time is very t ough . H yond thal, would you say that you c ould make recommendation s as Lo make - up of Lhe ... hoo ks? T tho1 ghi. Lhr! 1;ooks -w re 011Lst.andj 1l~~ and I think that make - up mod i fie s t.lli.s sui L Lo c rl. aln wrij te a,, 1.h way we ought to g o at t hem . I think }wy ' re out tandin~r, , too , an , of c ourse , Ed and I design ed
4 Belt 19 Lhc.:rn , r.o w<' ' rc p r1:. !11di ~<:d . llu J[u l!1c.1. . No , ,1,; a. matter of f act , w<: huvr• i.1. 1 · . i Et,h t, plarlCl<:r ove:r in U1e spacecraft center . You roll Lhr ee limes dur in1~ flight--You roll (when you come down to ) l iftup f rom the luPnch 1iases which you ho.ve never loo k ed at and about 20 hourc Jal.er 'Ne rolled a round fo r 20 hou r s --I never even got it Lo 20 (her e ) Jus t part of re- entry we rolled i t around some more and then gave up 70 hour s . (We milked some stuff o n it ) . Storm b ooks are real good. Excu se me , l et me see these hooks . We have a boo k like thi s . To do any r eal Lime f'light planning , you have t o have acces s to the--every Lhirw.--all al once , and you don ' t want to h ave t o get every some Lhinμ; on a r oller when _ you ' ve , <(ot Lo roll t hroup;h i t l ike t his . If you want to know what ' s going to happen in 9J hours, you just open the hook up and turn over t o 9J hours . Then if y ou want t o compare tha t with say 40 hour s --you want t o have a comparison t here , you can ' t f o this on a roller f i l m. Unless you ' ve got some quick access, u way of get,tine; that our like y01J had y ou r own sor t of a meteor rrucr ofilm. Uid you take notes on your b ook, sir? Yes, we dj d . ·1 Lli.i.nk one i,hi.n ~~ thut we did decide on is that the l..i.mc-sc:ale:; Lha.t we hu.vc ill our .flight plan here are- - neither one c>l' t,t1cm a:t'c' exactly ri.1<h t. The ea r·l y par t o r the mission was highly < ' xpu.11dc.•< l ; Llw L~1t.Ler _pn.rt was we.she'd down a. J ittle . I think we have ::l.x '1011 rs p<·r paf'.C in I.he latt,er s U1ge and we ha.ve an hour per p age
5 Belt 19 in the early s tage . I think probably three nours per page or some thing l ike that would give us more room t o write the notes . !Ias tha t book been reprodu ced? Yes, it has . Ther e are copies f o r everyone . L<--:t me a.al< you one her e . Do you think you c o11l.d hold half a degr ee 1n piLcl't on I.he ni/.~ht hor·i,100 w:l th the radical? !.lur e . ,Jus L do it on the top of the air glow layer and you ' d have no t rouble a.Lall . You wouldn ' t need a filter , or anything . No . You <lon ' t want. to make the air go away or any dimmer . And the sight i s (clifficult ) as it is and it ' s adequate to use at ni ght . But t.hen you could Lake pictur es , otherwise . Take picture:; at. p;unslght,. Wha1. ,,ere .vou r-;oine; to do when you held thi s '? 'L'he sharp point,, i~; dovm , antl for tunately , it was a crunera now designed ll.Y Spacecraft . IL ' s a fl11sh- mounted camera for G'r5 and diap;onnally , push down the right window , so the camera is l ooking np Like thi.s . i:o the spacecraft is on over at an angle like this . Jt, ' s not u 4-s a1,elliU· camera is ,1haL I 'm s ayi ng . So while the point js probably 1 ~oo<i , I ' d ltatc to sec I.he thin!!. get out that 0 . K. we can p11ll 011I, t,tlc ~Like . I Uke Lhi:' way it ' s certainly designed . /\c:t.11;.111 y, 1.11cr1: ' s more · Lo i1, than l.11at . The experimenter will go wi L.11 11 10 (1 , · 11C \.lir·o11j.-'J1 U1c SM.rLi11ct1. L l.ighL , so Lhis has nothing t o do 1,1i I.Ji t.11<' cxp,: ri.rnc111. nnymor c . 0 1il.Y one time it did . /\nd yui1 al :;o tinvc ot.hcr Lho.n JusL a f ipper on the radical you could
· 3elt 19 €, hold . . ....... .. . 'l poin l u , I ' d l ike to et your feeling on calciu m b alance comi n g up on the seven . .... wh a t do y ou think h ow i t will affec t your post - flight . I don ' t know how it 's going t o affect your postflight, but I know i t ' s r~oing to be a real p roblem. You ' ve just got a lot of things Lo do . Thr!r c a.re a lot of t hinp; s that can ' t be done until two week s b e ·or e the f' .li gh L. I f you r,i;c;t involved in the b it data- p;ath ct·in ., x rd ses befor e the ·1 •1 - '.ht , I think that it could indeed ,jeo:pm·d h . 1.hc whole l i gh t... This i s my p e r::;ona1 OJ)ini on . I s ort of Lho p,;ht LhaL ::;om of the medi cu.l c :x:aminat · a ns that we had should be inovccl hack ear· Lier . W had n IJif.'. medi cal examination at FlTA and that ' s one of those few days we go1. a lot of at.h er thing s that s h o uld. be Lakin , p lace a nd I car ' 1. see tha t my physical condition changed in the l as t wee k . Except maybe I got s l eepier . Bu t I jus t fe el that when y o u put all the se Lh ings into the last couple weeks , you real l y - - t he guy s t.h at are flyin g the fli ght --have got to get ready and the r e ' s almost a n ' nfinjte amo nt of work to do . You just (~an ' 1. do i. I. ul 7 , a.nd i L you t ake t. i rn e for data- g at hering exerci ses, I sot'\. of f' cc:I U11.1t. it. .ieopnr i 7.e "' t.r1e s ucc ess of t he who l e flight . YOL 1 t.hink .v oI I < ·u11 l <l -- u110\.IH: r q 1H' S1 , ion --Do y o, th ink i f you had a cern"n1 i.n I.t i(: ri 1..;l 1L wi1 1 <1 ow w t.h tt ::wizzle s t .ick arr ang ement f or p 11.(· !1, do .voI I U1 i1 il\ c;ou ld t. · l sc.: op,· :;U,cs c o11 ld l ock ont o h ave r·ont r· ii bc:t.Lc• r 11ll.cll t.hnn .Y u eou ld with a. r i,v:i<.l mounted c amera You ' n' talkin l,'; ulJ uL n c on\. r- ol 01· I.he mounting f or the camera . A con LroJ <>I' t,h • pit, r1 ; u conLro I o r th e mm n t, und th pitch .
the go od t han the to hear up there and 7 Bel t 19 L, Lr1 i r. a. li n I 1. - j ckd, - :~ >Ck , f. t.yp0 oJ' .)unkhcwl or som<: ,hlng . rt. ' :; 110I. 1, 1>1,1.l 1 1nd c H:kcL , bid. 1;1. p i tch ..... f'o:r ho1ding a pitch atti - t.u Oh , or the a i r ~low. l•'or the ai:r glow yes . 'l'his 1✓ onld be for on minute phot 1~r t'tph i n g . Wow . T ' d haLe to be u You mechan j z' lt wiLh n low- speed .le troni dr j v e and a r heostR.t Lype J r i v c or it . No . Mani ally . A manual swi vel , Let ' s d o sound effec t s f or old Yeah ...•Elr oy T . V.' s char g i ng , you ' r e not going t o have more 20 minute exposur e o f nie;ht air . Ha Ha Ha We ' r e .,afe I.here , ar en ' t we . Ha Ha Ha A. swiv I sUck h,re in the right. coming out ; you hav e authority t.ak ·n on 1, d .lff(•rc•nl, one . l,urr.v , did .vu 11 L 11 I k t.0 Lh m 11b ut l.tw North ern lights below I trj c ~ rl. to . Oh , exec U.Pn L . xc I I nt . I ju:; L cove r .d fl f'ew I it LI(' l.hin g :,; and I surely would 1 i k e .vour <'omm ·n t. s nb o1 1t t. I1e um I would J o ve to , Venus . Yca.ci 11, "' w<' .r rc;tl I y impr c• sr;e<l 1-.ri Lh the p l anet Venus W(! l.nol\ '"'On11· p'ir l 11 r r; of' j L nnd i I. di c ome 0 11t with about ½ the8 Belt 19 magnjL de o.nd ri ll ianc e that it r e ally appears p the r e . It ' s a beautiful sight . Afte r the dark up t here , it ' s very bri l liant and m u ch more large as fa r a s I was concerned and brigh t in magni tude than anythjng I ' v e seen looki ng f rom the ground . ( Me r cury) proved very, very -pretty. [ be, _yo u r·nugh a pho .ov,r aph , t o o . Yeah, .i st ........ you know a.nd y ou 've jus t - - Yeah , Lhe colors on those Lhingc . Th t:, Lar s t.hat w Look. on Lhe r ound we r e n ' t ,oo graphi c . Di y 11 , 1 cv r s ,e- - 1\la ck . Was t,her e myth ing else? Black o.cll;a) y looked beautiful and this :i, s the way the sky l ooks ..... 1 rhe sky 's black , t iL ' s a b eautil'ul black background . Bu t that does n ' t come out on the pictur e . Wa s he r a i cal any good in the d a:,y ? (Hasistas ) would be br ' ghter t han it is . /\bout. Lwice ns bright . Twicr bri~hL . You ou l J ~:t'<' • t on t.hc- ' !:(.rm nd . I f' yo,1 nn ' t. •·c, 11. n 1.h c~nus' I.hat ' s t he big thing he r . Yo1 ,·cHiJcl :.i•c : jt <m Lhe lr1nd . You c·rn I t1 :w,· j L HI t.lw I and 1:in!I L11e wat.c:r . It was fj ne . But when .YOl ·r·0ss Ltle cros"c)oud 1 t. hi11k we oue;ht t o have two r ing s of r · 1•:hLnc:,s . You know r i ~~ht. now i L' c ve r y brigh !. and just t h - next beat tannicals look v <·r,y dirn nnd t.hC'n _you ' v <' 1-~o t t v;rn,dat · on of dims .
9 Belt 19 thir1k the dim g r adat • i_ on is excellent . th:i nk we nr!ed 11. lj t1. L. variation of brightness . [;id you f .i.r d any diff e rence in the two windows ? Di d you s e e any ventieral differenc~ in tho se two windows ·? We co1lldn ' t, chang places . Ha Ha l[a. ::iec T l ooked in m•i ne , he) looked i n his , and t here wasn ' t any way in tile world that we co uld- - You ou d ' get near enough to st art a ration ? 1 o . N . Yo u really can ' I. . fndepen enL of yo 1 1r r at.ion . You ' r pretty safe to ch e ck your radi r:t.11 hri.p;ht.ncss a.gulnrt 1 ,h . bri p:h t <.:lo d right on the earth . You know on 1 l. brighL day like Lhi:;; . Shoot , t hey said it was che cked again s t the snowb ank . You can ' t bank there . You ' re in trouble . Unless ,here ' s a ............. . A couple of Li.mes I was looki ng f or it . 'T'hose wer dirty St . Louis snowbanks . ( snowguns '? ) Ha Ha Ha 0 . K. , 1 ,hin k ... . .. the more you want to say . If you ' 11 wrap it uμ . J Lh;i 11k b0L w 'rt tl1 i G mor n i n1.,~ a nd ,Jim and Ed ' s comments this urtc::r11 )On w,, cu11 t·xl. r o.(:L v r yl.fl • n1•· we )res nt, ...... . I 'd I i k., t.o :: a.v '.; rneth ·· ng . The~ wn.v it l ook s ri p:ht nov1 you have 11 1 -xperirn •nt :; 1.tn<.J e v , ryon of' them i,: o. t otal s 1 cces s . Ther e i s no indicn1.jori LhaL 1.h r ' s any hin e: , nny anomaly and there ' s no indi - cation that. th r e w· L be any anomnly . Ju st a q1ick l ook . ... . ... . C r ta i 11ly 11OLhi1t oper uLion 111 , I me n it ' s no t operational. ...... . 'f'hcrc· ' r: nol. h.i.n~i: uL u U . Now yo u ' v ' go a cou le of equipment pro !, I m:; , h11L .vn11 r •x1><' . I.C'd Lhnt ·1 ' m !.ol:.; . It was pe r ec as far as
.. Belt 19 10 experiments go . 'l'here was nothing hat could have bee n done to improve it . This is t he way the guider shows i t ; this is the way the mock- up ...... . ~ven the experiment you didn ' t have a very successful flight . . Ha Ha Ha . Well , we ' ve got how many more . ... 8 mor e to go, huh . Ha Ha . What , ........... . No , flights . End of tape .
"' Notes from the De-Briefing transcript eteors: Both cDivitt and hite 1 tioned seeing a number of rn teors bel w them: e sa quite a fe f all end burn up bolo our cltitude . 1hey wore bout on half to on third as high as re were hen they ere conswn d. . e /n er aaw one bove us . 11 { short d s if.,'() As the acco p',nyin..~ plots of numb rs of meteor a ainst the onths of thef r sho s the oun of meteor activity in e rly June is at a r ther lo p206 *Fig. l(Ro chta plot of Olivier data from S ithsoni n Contrib . t o Astrophys .N level, b1,.:gdnn to rioe very hortly alter that to rds ll peak in u ust . on th average from to altitude Re rdless of their bri htness/meteors ap or 40 and 60 miles/in the earth 's sphere. Bri"ht rn toors ares en to reach about 40 miles , rhereas wct8kkx lar e fireb· lls may still e seen as lo I as 20 miles or so . Th ver· , hei'.;ht th ou11.hout the ath is r ter for f aint r eteo nd for thos of h h v.locitie . Actually the hr' ht objects r lar er and hence tr vol further tofore they re conn d1 often tr veling fo r sev ral hundr d iles b for they r consum d. Planets The pilot re rked that"the pl ets or o clear nd br' ht , 11 nd later th t 11a11 the sun"ets h d the plan t in it •" Th y have in f ct r corded Venus in the oriion bands on one of their sunset pictures . t thot date V nus Qllbc as still clos to the sun being (angul r dist;nce·t)Sup. conj . A r.11) bout 15de • cast of the sun (eve. star). O n the color print S-65-34771 them ge of Venus can be distictly seen amid the horizon bands ... Zodiacal Light ~ Jae Divitt and ,hite ,ere taking 16 rnti. movies DK1u:d;i1Q5 be.fore one 11 capsule da m 11 when they noic d ttie zodiacal light and described it u thus , "it was a shaft of light and a long tine before the sun came up. 11 On the ,round observ rs can note tho cone tot light in the eastern sky or • western sky after the sun has set and gone down about 18 de~~ ( about and hour after sunset or an hour before sunri e.) Pilots t 40,000 feet o~n follo it for a lon1er span since they are , rray from disturbing city lights • \ Condition of tho ii.do \ \ The G ....nrlni optical window is quite superior to tho Jrcury indo,,. None - ~ the less the pilots note that 11both their windows ere fog YJ" nd at one point durin~ EVA ,hite :rubbed his sleeve accid nt·-lly on JirllSs, ~dow d~~na it - probably parti lly rcmvlinr the silicon ·D.m. smu -~-o
Katy: File GT-4 mission [ILLEGIBLE]
• I l : 3 G MEASURE REL STATIC CH ARG L y TAP · PLYBACK BLOOD PRESSURE (P) 3-1, 4-1 UPOAT S 1~40 D EGRESS PREPARAT IO~ A U NS l"OW A r-..~D I,,\ TTACH B UMBJL)CAL Y FITTING·~ EMER Oz PACK 1 ~ 50 MANEUVER UNl CAMERA ~, w - 2:00 rn ALIGN PLATFORM NULL REL VEL T 2: 10 I A N N 2:20 I e. .e. f;. G • BL OOD PRESSURE (C) COMM CHECK 3: S-'f / H / GO/ ~FOR EVA fl-f-b ~ I 11"" _,, 2:30 T '}). /'/o ~ _c)!.v---( DEPRESSURI ZATION 2:40 MAINTAIN PRIMARY O PRESS WITH MANUAL HE ATER 2 (850 - 925 PSIA) C T CLOSE WITH BOOSTER N 2:10 H A w OPEN HATCH AND STAND UP 3:00
c~. t, 3:00 3:10 3:20 3:30 3:40 3:50 - 4:00 4: 10 4:20 4:80 EG RESS S/C INGRESS S/C CLOSE HATCH REPRESSURIZE S/C ALIGN PLA FORM SEPARATION AV .-5 FT /SEC COMPLETE INGRESS T E X N T D/T TAPE PLYBK MEDICAL DATA PASS TYPE 1 D/T TAPE PLYBK CHECKLIST MEDICAL DATA PASS TYPE 2 p R f G y M C N V A s C I J T A N N . G H T I ~
i 6:00 INITIATE TERMINAL REND PHASE ~ A MEASURE ll.V REQ ID G 6:10 y T M E X C - N V 6:20 A N CLOSE WITH BOOSTER PHOTOGRAPHS DURING APPROACH T 6: 30 INCREASE SEPARAT ON WITH BOOSTER PRIOR TO DARKNESS rn 6:40 p R 6: 50 E T A N 7:00 7; 10 7:20 GO/NO GO FOR AREA 18-1 rn - 7:30 N I G H T
4: 30 4:40 MANEUVER UPDA TE - T E X 4: 50 A N T 5:00 G y M C N V ~ ,J., \, V c~vf". • r1 e)~' ( , ~ ..."J m -I ()~~ r/" ALIGN PLATFORM 5: 10 CLOSI N G AV ~ 13 FT/ SEC N 5:20 A I N G t 5: 30 T C R 0 5:40 ALIGN PLATFORM 5:50 D/T TAP PLYBACK C s Q MON TOR BOO TE R ELEV :00
7;3u 0/T TAPE PLYBK 7:40 MANEUVER UPDATE 7:50 8:00 ALIGN PLATFORM 8: 10 8:20 8:30 SEPARATION AV .- 5 FT/ SEC SEXTANT BOOSTER/STAR OBSERVATION FLASHING ,GHT EVAL. p R T A N N I G H T 8:40 8:50 9:00
Point of Application AV SECO +30 5 5 Beginning of 3rd Rev (3:33) 5 99 min. later (5:12) 4th Rev 12.5 76 min . later (6:28) 5th Rev 21 106 min: later (8:14) 6th Rev 12 l,5th or 16th Re] 30th Rev 25-30 45th Re v 62nd Re v +llO ( or 66th Rev~':) NOMINAL GT-4 TRANSLATIONAL MANEUVERS HP/HA After Maneuvers 86/153 88/154 82/153 86/150 93/150 Direction of Thrust Posigrade Retrograde Posigrade Retrograde Posigrade Posigrade ·1 I ! -1 ,5 days 1 "': Lifetime Adjustments ~·: For Pacific landing + If available Translational Thruster Aft Aft Fwd Aft Various Aft } Various Aft will be minimum requiried Purpose SIC-Booster Separation Station-Keep on Booster S/C - Separation Rendezvous Maneuver (Start intercept Terminal Phase/Braking Orbital Lifetime Adjust - *~'rAdjust lifetime - 4 days Adjust lifeti me - 3 days Adjust lifetime - 2 days Achieve OA MS Retrofire
0:00 0: 10 0:20 0:30 0;4-0 0:50 1:00 1; 10 l: 20 l :30 A NCH SEC0+30 S/C SEP-5 FT/SEC Y-AW 180° NULL REL VEL- 5 FT /SEC (340 FT SEP) INSERTION CHECKLIST 2-1 UPOAT ALIGN PLATFORM CNTL MODE CK COMM. CH CK DUMP LAUNCH DAY U INE BAGS .SUlT Nr£GR-ITY CHECK CH-E-CI'- A BIAS NULL REL VEL WITFI 13UOSTER RADIATOR - FLOW GO/NO GO FOR 2-1 BLOOD PRESSURE (PILOT) UNSTOW ' CAMERAS CLOS · WITH BOOSTER ESTABLISH FORMATI ON FLIGHT PROCEDURE FCk EVA 'P'ASS BASED ON BOOSTER ANGULAR RATES C N V B D A K N 0 rn N I G rn H T rn m M I
Dr . J . B. BlijfMf,R • Meta llurgy DE VER R SEARCH INSTITUTE UNIV RSITY OF DENVER ox 87. 6, Denver, Colorado 80210
GT-4 File clippings - Verb. Rpt GT-4
Astronauts Track Missile in Space In 'Typical Day' Aboard Gen1ini 5 By Howard Simons and appeared to have mas- man missile from Vandenberg Washllliton Po•t Slat! Writer tered the temperature-regu- Air Force Base in California. HtOULSTOGN, dAug.C24-ASlJro- lating mechanism, which nau s . or on ooper r. . . th and Charles Conrad Jr. g1vmg them e chills spotted, tracked and photo- c_auslng then:i to shiver, graphed a Minuteman inter- tlcularly durmg sleep. was 'Ihe 65-foot Minuteman was and launched at 12:37 a.m. (EDT), par- as part of a missile combat crew training mission. Shortly continental ballistic missile AStronaut Ja_mes McDivitt after the ICB 1 was off the launched from California to- ~alled ~t a "typical" day, dur- . day as their Gemini 5 space- mg which the astronauts were pad Conrad spotted it. . craft orbited the earth. catching up with their experi- The Minuteman was flying "I see it, I see it!" Conrad ments. Some of these were a path 155 statute miles north shouted as the missile succ"ssful; Others were not. of Gemini 5' path. The point streaked through space on its Cooper had repaired his of closest approach to the way to a watery target in the faulty reticle, or gunsight, spacecraft was 201 miles. At Pacific. which helped the astronauts the time Conrad and Cooper For two minutes the astro- better to pinpoint targets in tracked the missile, they were nauts watched the Minuteman. space .and on the ground. 125 miles above the earth'sc; sur- Conrad took six pictures of Hence, they took a beat-sens- face. it. At the same ti~e, an _in- ing measm:emenJ of the star Questions Rai ed !rared or heat-sensmg device Deneb, which they were un - recorded the kind and amount able to do the day before. The The fact that the hcat-sens of heat being emitted by the astronauts also have photo- ing measurements and the solid-fueled ICBM-a thousand graphed the mysterious zodia- photographs of Minuteman of which constitute the bulk cal light, which is thought to and other targets are being • of America's strategic nuclear be a backscattering of light conducted for the J:?efense De• punch. from dust orbiting the earth. part~ent has raised some Conrad and Cooper con- . . questions here. tinue to circle the earth in Trouble m Spotting The problem, essentially, their fourth day. They have Attempts to see giant 2000x seems_ to be th_is: already been granted permis- 2000-foot eye charts on the ~a!,i~nal policy h:is cast the sjon to continue their journey ground near Laredo Tex activities of the National Aero for anoU1er day and Gemini have been less successful. Ai: 11:aut~cs and Space ~dministra ojficials see no current prob- though they could see smoke tio~ m a peaceful light. _Great lems that might foreshorten from smoke pots set out to care h~~ been taken to divorce an eight-day mission. If all help t!lem pinpoint the Laredo the m~li~3!Y aspects of space goes well, the astronauts will charts, they first missed the from ci~illan program, notably , pass the four-day mark at charts altogether and then saw sp;ie f/;t~t e:~orr . r o u g h 1 y 10 a.m. •(EDT) two that they misidentified. . e n ° m ormat10n be- Wednegday. More visible to the orbiting mg ~athered by Cooper a~d " " " . ., sightseers were contrails from Con~ad. does have po~~nbal Dull and Typical three airplanes near Jackson- application for the nuhtarr. Today was variously de- ville, Fla., "and all the streets The challenge, t~erefore, 18 "b d "d ll" ''t · l" ·n ·t (J k -11 ) d th Whether the Nat10n should sen e a~ u , yp1ca, i 1 ac sonv1 e , an e preclude all m"lit • tT and "busy " Cape (Kennedy) and all the - • d t l\". •., Flight Surgeo_n Ch a r le s way own o ~m~u. Berry charactenzed the day But the experiment that as "dull,'' which he explained caused the most excitement is "a good day" medically. was the successful tracking by The astronauts were "alert" the astronauts of the Minute - . . i ary sei_en 1 ic and engmeermg expenments from ASA's activities • Chronology of astronauts' fourth, day in orbit. Page AIO. ' i ~ ~ f t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
y Water Excess Forces Cut in Gemini's Power 111 a Washlncton Post sta.H Writer Conrad will have been in tinuously, ran out of gas. Just astronauts are expected to the skin sensors in his suit Conrad was told to get some HOUSTON, Aug. 25 - A space longer than any other how much this reduces the land in the Atlantic Ocean were more irritating than the sleep. new problem aboard the Gem• human. When the astranauts value of the experiment is not off Bermuda at 10:27 a.m. bear~. "~ete's ~pressure) ,cuffs ini 5 s~aft and a new pass Cosmonaut Valery F. yet known. Sunday. are 1tchmg him a lot,' he . Bykovsky's 1963 endurance Discussing another medical noted. Amer1can.--t11an-in-space record record of 119 hours, it will also matter Dr. Berry said there Round-by-Round Story . 9 29 ~o~inatef tooay's orbital ac- ~ark the first time that Am_er- was absolutely no concem over Of Gemini. 5 Flight 61st Orbit- : a.m. tivities fl astronauts L. Gor• 1ca has wrested a ma3or the fact that apparently only Cooper and Conrad watched don Cooper Jr. and Charles manned space flight record one astranaut has had a bowel HOrJ_STON, Aug. 25_ (UPI) the firing of a. rocket sled at Conrad JJ'. from Russia. movement over the last four Here is a chronological OC· Holloman Air Force Base, Too much nondrinking wa- There were these other days of flight. Indeed, accord- coun! ?f the activities of the N.M. "There it goes, we see ter is t,dng produced by Gem- highlights today: ing to Dr. Berry, the astronauts Gemini 5 Astronauts: it!" cried Conrad. "We could ini's fut1 cell ,and threatens to • Cooper and Conrad saw could maintain their present . see it very well, we were right flood the power-producing and recorded a second Min- regimen for eight days with- 56th, 57th Orbits on the money with the track• cell. --To stem the flow of ex• uteman intercontinental bal• out ill effect. No voice contact was estab- ing," Cooper reported. Th e cess water, Gemini officials listic missile fired from Cali• Fu 1 C 11 P bl lished with the spacecraft dur· astronauts used infrared de - decided to reduce the amount fornia . They also saw and re- e e ro em ing its 16th orbit, which begao tection devices to measure ra• of J:!(>Wet used by the astro· corded a rocket sled test at As for the f~el . cell wat~r at 1:30 a.m., and during the diation from the rocket's en• nauts fot experiments. Hollomon Air Force Base in PI"?blem, what is mvolved is 57th the ship's track took it gine. Flight Director Christopher New Mexico. And, after sev- this: out of range of most of the Columbus Kraft does not re- eral previous and unsuccess• Fuel cells convert oxygen tracking stations. 62d Orbit-II :03 a.m. gal'd the problem as serious. ful attempts, they got a good and hydrogen gases into elec• . The asta-onauts still will be look at the aircraft carrier tricity, heat and water. The 58th Orbits .At the begmnlng of the or• able to orbit for eight days. Lake Champlain. more power the fuel cell is With both astronauts awake, bit, Cooper _and Con~ad They still will be able to per• "I can see her turning big- asked to produce, the more Gemini Control at Houston re• spotted the i::craft ~arri~r form their planned experi- ger than heck,'' was the way of these byproducts it pro- layed a long list ef experi- ~ake C':13mp stellJ!Ung m ments. What will be limited Conrad put it. duces. ments for them to perform. circles in the Atlantic near in the remaining days of the • The astronauts took some Similarly, lesser demands Cooper reported that the tight Ber.muda. At the end of the flight are extra experimen~ pictures of Cuba. "Just scenic for electricity mean lesser schedule was still hampering o~it, they wat~h~d a second that might have been added shots," said Cooper. They also amounts of water and heat, performance of experiments. Minuteman m1ss1le. launch to the space flight plan. photographed cloud patterns, too. This is why the Gemini from Va~denberg Air Force thunderstorms and, on request officials have taken a "con- 59th Orbit--6:19 a.m. Base, Cahf. They were unab~e New Space Record . of tsU.St.hWeat?edrtBurheautoscienh- servative" approach and or- "We would like to request ~f tracdk thed.roctiket dont tht_eir ; The new record established tis • ey tr1e . o P o grap dered the estrona)lts to use that we keep everything to a m r~ ra ia on e ec ion by Cooper and Conrad rough- the eye of tropical ~rm Do- less power. minimum in the evenings," equipment. ly at noon (EDT) today, in reen rou_~hly 200 miles south Because the fuel cell water Cooper told fellow astronaut Conrad repor_ted .~e s!eP,~ G-emini 5's 62d orbit, bested o\Haw~:i- f ·1a a· f rt is poor in color and taste Elliot M. See Jr. "We, for six hours last mght m bits. that for duration of an Ameri• n spi e O nu . !scorn ° and high in acid, it is being some reason, are havin,J trou- 63d Orb" -12 •38 can space-flight brought on by 1tchmg, con- used to press upon a plastic bl 1 · " H id I It • p.m. • tinued cold a d sleepless e s eepmg. e sa no se The old 11" e cord was set . n bladder containing the astro- from the experiments posed a Cooper made the flight sur• early in June by astronauts nights, , Cooper . a~~ Conrad naut's normal drinking water problem. geon's heart flip by remarking James A: McDivitt and Ed· were sind ~ ~. m ex.tremely supply._ But the fuel cell is onchalantly, "We feel much I ward 1,Vh1te who stayed aloft go~d co~dition by K.taft and producmg more water than 60th Orbit-7:54 a.m. better since we got our suits for 97 hours and 37 minutes, chief flight surgeon Charles desire~ an~ official~ fear :.f Gemini Control relayed oon off." The surgeon quickly From the Control center Berry: the situation contmues, a gratulations to Cooper from realized Coo~r was joking. here, McDivitt radioed the Relief for some of Conrad's back-pressure could result and his wife Trudy on passing the Oonrad was a]low~d to remove orbiting astronauts: itching cam~ when h~ ~sked flood ~1;1t ~e fuel. c~ll. total space flight record of 119 some inflatable pressure cuffs "Let me be the first to con- for and r~ce1ved perm1~s1on to Anticipating a suntlar prob- hours 6 minutes, counting his around his thighs. lie said gratulate you on setting a new cut the t!ght pneumatic cuff~ le~ ?n longer flights, Geminl artier orbital flight. they "itch pretty bad" an a American record for manned around his thighs. Tb~ expel'l- ~ffm~ls already ~re develop- Bad weather over Laredo ere not working anyway. spacecraft." mental cuffs were designed to mg filters that will make the ex forced cancellation of a; An even more impressive counter the effects of weight- fuel cell water dean and tast est·, on this pass of whether th Orbit-2: 13 p.m. record will fall to the two lessness on the cardiovascular for drinking. e astronauts could spot huge Cooper reported he and Americans at about 9 a.m. system. But the ~ower supply Finally, Gemini officials . eye charts on the ground. onrad had completed all of Thursday. . for the_ cuffs, which automati• nounced tod~y. tha~ barring Cooper reported that he had the day's assigned experi- At that time Cooper and cally tighten and relax con- unforseen difficulties, the seven hours of sleep. He said mcnts except one. The space• :==;;;;:;;=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;..================;- his beard was itching, but that craft was powered down and 65th Orhit-3 :50 p.m. Cooper photographed Trop• ar.: fi t • I j ~,, , \ \ f , . , THE WASHINGTON POST ical Storm Doreen in the Pa• cific as an experiment for the Weather Burea~ . The 66th or~, ~:h b~a: at 5:2: Ptn;·: 02 ~ th w 68 fh ~nnina t 8 _ 36 e tly egi g _ a • •. apparen were relatively quiet. Thur5dar: ~~'· 26, 1965 All 1la\1ari'an RESTAURANT J .. Celebrari,, - y~ ' 727 11tt,,.
f ] 0 Fednudoy, Au,. 25, 1965 THE HowItWenton Gemini's4thDay On thew Gemini 5 spa.ce- 43d Orbit--4:50 a.m. landmarks near Dallas was The astronauts said they flight 11eaterda11, Aatronauts The spacecraft made contact abandoned because of a cloud took about six photographs of t . Gordon Coopff Jr. and with the Camarvan, Australia cover ov1.>r the target area, but th fl.yin rocket d ad Charl'1s Conrad Jr. sighted a tracking station and flight ot>'. the astronauts insisted on try. e g an m e Minuteman launching and server Chuck Lewis g th Ing the experiment later. infrared measuremenw of Its repaired an important sight- astronauts landing /ve f "We're going to pick a good exhaust plume. ing q,tem aboard their craft. ment data an expcr • site somewhere over the U • Conrad a~ spotted Hollo- Following i., a chronological • and get it because we're all man Air Forte Base, .M., and account. 111 compiled from th Orbil-6:27 a.m. ri~~i~r !!;~~nr:e'!x,S::!i a e:e w~~1J°!:r f::!:'. !'ews di,pntches,. with . times With both astronauts wide few minutes later the men As they ended the Ol'blt, the 1n Eaitcnt Da11light Tune. awake and the spacecraft pass- were able to get a picture of astronauts had their radar _.n.L Orbit 12 •05 ing o~er the United States, a ship west of Bennuda. trained on Cape Kennedy and ....,._.. - • .m. Gemini Control at Houston re- reported they were able to The palr drifted qUletly lnto layed instrument readings and 4 7th Orbit-11: 12 a.m. keep in touch with ~ Cape the 40th orbit with Conrad e periment directions to the A G I 1,. h d C l longer than expected. crew. s em n ., approac e a• a leep. Dr. Duana Catterson at This exchange between com• lfom!a, a Minuteman missile 48th Orbit-12:47 p.m. Gemini Control in Houston municator David Scott an was fired from Vandenberg Ir reported the astroriauta bad astronaut. and Conrad 'took Force Base. Calif. Cooper and Conrad zeported place· At an altitude of' 125 miles, they were getting "•om e consumed 13 pounds of water Se~tt-"Okay. You look real Cooper and Conrad got a fine strange readouts" from their each, "pretty nearly an optl· good here on the ground. Do view. on-board computer. Officials mum curve for water intake" you have any questions on the Conrad: "I see it, l see it ... said the signals were not a • experiments?" Hey Gordo! Right through that cause of "major concern." but I Orbit-I :38 a.m. Conrad-"No. I'd say we got bole In the clouds. There be would be watched closely. l a full day J hope we can get goes, bigger than heck." Cooper and Conrad finally Conrad continued sleeping them all· done. How's the Cooper: "Yeah, we saw him spotted the checkerboard eye sound]y and only one contact we-ather back there in Hous- going •way out above us." chart laid out near Laredo, was made wltb ground track- ton?" The Minuteman, climbing in Tex. Ing station during the orbit. Scot&-"Oh, It's real nice. a high suborbital arc, came • 42 d Orb ,.......3 •14 Just hot and sunny as usual. within 200 miles of Gemini 5, 9th Orbit-2 .22 p.m. D it • a.m. No rain in particular. Just Space Agency officials said. Space off I c i a Is on the The quietest orbit or the once in a whUe a little thunder- Conrad reported he sighted ground noted Cooper sounded I night thus far, in terms of storm." the Minuteman 10 seconds "Just a wee bit tired." He was space. to. ground communica- onrad-"Rog.'' after launch when it had given a long updating on the Uon. For a '70-minute period tt-"Say, we've noticed pierced the overcast. The Min- flight plan and waa told to the spacecraft was out of voice that the temperature up there uteman peaked at an altitude watch for the Kilauea volcano contact range. Conrad was still is a little cooler than we ex• of 575 miles and headed down in Hawaii on the next orbit. asleep and Cooper bad a meal. pectcd. How's your comfort?" the Air Force western test The astronauts hoped to meas Cooper aaid he had reassem- onnd-"Cold, We a.re tak• range over the Pacific Ocean ure the Intensity or infrared bled a defective reticle "and It ing the inlet hoses off' our to hit a mythical targel radiation from the volcano. worts fine," The reticle ls a suits every once in a while to sighting device necessary for warm up. It has been quite tbe success of a number of cold." Gemini 5 experiments. Chief Flight Director Chrl • topher Kraft Jr. said good t ==========:__-::- morning to the astronaut and told them, "You are doing a good job up there." Conrad-"l'll tell you one thing, Mr. Krall Gordo' beard is white. Kraft-''A Rip an Winkle, eh?" Conrad: - "Nope, Santy Claus." Cooper-"Boy, putting those two coolant loops in the circuit really cooled it down. We both have been sitting here shiver ing for the last few hours." Kralt--"Tum the valve to warm and it ill shut off the flow completely. We will mon itor on the ground and let you know lf it gets too cool" 45th Orbit-8:03 a.m. Cooper bad a meal consisting of orange dnnk. spaghetti and meat, butterscotch pudding, touted brea:t cubes and cbeeee sandwiches. He said he saw three airplanes approaching Jacksonville, Fla. He and Con• rad saw smoke signals sent up near Laredo, Tex., to help them find a huge pattern of white gypsum )aid out on the ground, but the)ll could not see the pat tern. Fellow astronaut James McDivitt told the men they could go at leut 82 orbits. 46th Orbit-9:35 a.m. An attempt to photograph
I Tuwlay, .lag. 24, 1965 THE WASHI lGTON POST A6 GEMINI-From Page Al Gemini MakesPrecision Maneuvers NASA Photo from ttPI Mrs. Charles Conrad Jr., accompanied by and gets a first-hand view of the progress her father, Winn DuBose, sits in the view• of her husband's flight aboard the Gemini Ing booth behind Gemini Control Center 5 spacec:raft. -----------~---------------------~-- - Chronological Account of Orbits As Space Flight Enters 3d Day Following is the chronol- for the pilot (roughly six banter turned into an im - ogy of the Gemini 5 $pace quarts eaoh). I'm just getting promptu variety act with this auts rep?rted seeing their sumed was that the Agena The co:nference is devoted to flight of Astrona1otts L. Gor- ready to eat Meal Co,arlie." exchange between the capsule home temtory of Houston, and was in an elliptical orpit whose "the exploration of Mars and don Cooper Jr. and Chari.es and Houston: nearby Clear and Ta~lor high point and low point were Venus." Conrad_ Jr., compiled from 30th Orbit-8:14 a.m. l\IcDivitt: "You sure do talk Lakes. They also saw Florxda. about 210 and 141 miles re- Strong described for 250 news dispatches. The astronauts reported that a lot." 1 the Bahamas and Cuba. . spcctively. To effect a near scientists the instrumentation Shortly after midnight Sun- each had slept a t~tal of about Conrad: "Say again." : ~u; th e!e wf ~ 1 f: t.::Y did rendezvous wiith the imaginary and techniques of the Novem - day Gemini 5 had completed 10 hours since the :llight began McDivitt: ''I said you sure ~~ th!erau~t• ::ti:le. M:~de Agena the as~ronauts _had to ber,_ 1964, bal_loon. 8:5Ce~t pro - 24 orbits and 38 hours of its at 10 a.m. Saturday. The do talk a lot" f 1 Y as 1 ed maneuver their craft mto an ducmg the 1dentif1cation of 121 - orbit 190. hour scheduled oxygen pressure, at more than C d "\V.h t d t ~r exfamp e_. wraft caarnp·eannand orbit with high and low points ice crystals in the atmosphere ' 100 d 10 d onra : • a o you wan v1ew o an aire r f 193 d 124 ·1 bo th f V W t h d voyage. poun s, was up poun s t d . ,, ?" destroyer· a star called Denub o an m1 es a ve e o enus. a er vapor a from the previous day and 40 me O 0 , sm., you a song· . ' . . • earth. been discovered on a 1959 bal - 12 15 d f th 1 • t S t M n-v·tt· "Th'nk you can?" and a Mmuteman m1ss1le sent l fli ht 25th O b • 1 r it- : a.m. poun s rom . e ow pom a • ' c 1 1 ;, . ·,, aloft from Cape Kennedy, After four maneuvers, in- oon g · Gemini Control at Houston urdaY when it appeared that Cooper: He smgs off key. which though not planned to eluding an orbital plane He speculated that a 120 - concluded that Conrad's hus- the misSiOn might have to Conrad: (in a singsong) be viewed by the orbiting as- change of roughly 1-50th of a mile-an-hour wind on the face ky voice resulted from lack splas~ down P;ematurely after "Over the ocea?,. ove~ ~he tronauts, was the object of degree, Gt'.mini 5 virtually of Venus drags the i«:e crystals of sleep and not from any th e six th orb~t. Con~ol gave blue, here's Gemm1 5 smgmg their attention as they passed achieved the high and low around to the back side, there, serious throat condition. Dr. th e cap_sule ~ structions for to you. (Pause) Well, I'm going roughly 1000 miles away. points desired. presumably, to become the Duane Catterson said it had perform':°g a simulated ren~ez- back to talking." In spite of their difficulties An orbital p I a n e change "warming snowfall." "not affected his ability to 1usn wi;h a ~:ke • believe McDivitt: "Get you a job in viewing the world around works this way: . Dr. Strong told the engi - perform." Cooper continued thge ah 3 ~~et b't th e 3 2d with the Houston Astros." them, Cooper and Conrad are The plane of every orbit cuts neers, teachers and research- to catch up on sleep. roug or is. At 11:18 a.m. control told doggedly performing as many through the earth's center. ers from universities, space 31st Orbit-9•47 am the spacemen they could go at of the 17 medical, engineering Most of these orbits are with exploration cotnp·anies and 26th Orbit-I :48 a.m. . . • • • least until the 47th orbit or and scientific experiments as reference to the Equator. The government that man's cur- Conrad tried several simple The mis s ion passed the two- until about noon Tuesday. possible. angle the plane makes to the rent knowledge of Venus owes ex eriments ~ the capsule day_ mark•.The a$tronauts Equator iS its inclination. as much to "Gulliverian spec- p~sed over central Asia agam complamed of the work- 32d Orbit-II :21 a.m. Pod Heat Measured Through the use of propulsion, ulation" as to documented re- Cooper woke up and Conrad load . 0rd e:ed by Gro~ nd C<;>n- The astronauts powered up· Indeed, today an Air Force spacecraft can alter that incli- search. began a long sleep. Ground trol m thlS conversation ~!th their equipment and executed spokesman reported that the nat~on a!ld, hence, change Later this year, he said, an- Control said the flight "looked astir~naut James_ A. McD1v1tt, the first of four blasts from astronauts had recorded more their orbital pJane. other balloon carrying equip- m ssion communicator at Hous- than an hour of rad1·at1·on data· · · real good." ton· their maneuvering rockets to . . • ment from his laboratory is . c·ooper: "You might have a change their orbit and bring infor~ation on the_ amount Police Reinforced ~xpected_ to bring back more 27th Orbit-3:31 a.m. little talk with the flight plan them into theoretical rendez- and kmd of heat emitted both mformation on the character - • al th • • by objects of nature and man- After Ramleh Attack istics of Venus The orbit began ong e ning people. They're filling us vous with the phantom Agena, d b. . d • west coast of South A~eri~a just a little bit too full We whose track was being pro- ~! \~u~Jts-m space an on Reurers He told the conference the near the equator. While his can't get the equipment nut to- grammed by a ground com- 0 g • d b. t . TEL AVIV A R . automated, unmanned baloon 23 companion remained in a gether and torn apart in. the puter. By comparing the lat- . ne man-ma e O Jee in par- , ug_. - em- is much preferable to the 0 deep sleep, Cooper made con- time they're putting these ter "."i~h the actual track of ;~1~!:\i~e !~: 1 1i::!i:r:Ja~u- :oure~ ~e iowns~p : :am~ manned vehicle; _also that a tact with the Canary Island things together." Gem1m 5, Control would later ' . . Y oure e wons P O 11:ID balloon gondola is never an tracking station and con- McDivitt: "Okay. Gordo, I'll estimate the closeness of the th ~ aStranauts for its heat Sig- leh,thwhere a ckrodwdt~f JeAwishb easy base from which to fix on ducted a successful purge of take a check on that I simulated linkup. naTuhre. A. F k you ts atttac de e ra and track a planet like Venus. th f 1 11 gen and hv th· k f h t1· h. • 1· e 1r orce spo esman quar er yes er ay. D Di k B di t e ue ce oxy .,- m one O t e ig t Pan- . noted from a preliminary an- The youths attacked the r. c rouwer, rec or dro~en_ systems. He aso made ning problems, ~ordon, is 33d Orbit-12 :56 p.m. alysis that it gave off roughly Arabs after the funeral of a of Yale University o~erva penod1c chec~ on _electx:on that the weather 1s not too Cooper and Conrad per- as much heat as had been an- Jewish youth killed on Friday tory, spoke on the orbits of and ion flux mteracbon with ?"ood todal-'., so they are tr~- formed two more rendezvous ticipated. in a collision between his mo- Mars and Venus. the spacecraft. mg to . stick them (exper1- ~aneuver:s. The command This is the first time that a torcycle and a taxi driven by He was aske~ by report~rs 28 I O b't-5 •05 ments) m where,, they have p1lot spot~ed a ~uge cheeker- space object has been studied an Arab. Some 12 Arabs were about speculation about life t 1 r 1 • a.n~. good weat~er • • • board design laid out on the in this manner by Americans injured in the attack. Police on Mars. Coo Per ate a substan~al Cooper : Yeah, w~ll some of ground near Laredo, Tex., as from space. Such infrared or said today they had arrested "Cross it off," he answered meal of concentrates of chick• these - • • were Just bang, a test of the astronauts' abil- heat-sen.sing devices could 22 of the youths. with a laugh. en and gravy, bacon and eggs bang, bang right together. We ity to see from more than 100 and chocolate pudding. Con- just can't do them that close miles in space. rad continued to sleep. together. That's rather poor; . • planniJ?-g:" " ,. ·i 34th Orbit-2 :31 p.m. 29th Orbit-6.39 a.m. McD1v1~t:.. Okay. The astronauts completed Conrad woke up and had Conrad. We got to watch-the make-believe rendezvous the f O11 ow ing conversation these le~s changes. \~e got attempt and learned they had with the Canary Island track- every piece of_ gear m t~e come within two minutes of ing station: spacecraft floatmg around . m being in the right spot at the Surgeon: "You're pumping ~~~e. We can't keep up with full scale. We have a good it. . . " ,, blood pressure . .. Giye me a McDivitt: Roger, roger. mark when you begin exercis- The~ ~ate~; ing " McD1vitt: Hey, Pete. Gem- Co d· "Sta d by- mark,, ini 5 Houston here. Why don't mand pilot (Cooper) is takmg Mexico." S nra • . "W n ha e urgeon. ~ v a go~d you make a few comments for the better sex." blood pressure. Conrad: "Hello there. We Conra~: "Roger, t?e c~m- just passed over Tampico, his two-hour period nap now. M D. .· t t· "P t p t . t c I v l • e e, e e. The pilot (Co~rad) slep _ abo_ut Jane's up here. Why don't 4 hours ~5 mmutes o_ f his ..sJX- you say something?" (Jane ls hour period, very soundly. Conrad's wife.) Surgeon: "How's your water Conrad: "Hello there. How's intake?" all the boys (his four sons) Conrad: "Twelve and a half doing?'' pounds of water for the com- McDivitt: "She says fine." mand pilot, 11 pounds 3 ounces Still later in the orbit, the right time. Then they turned off much of their electrical equipment, successfully per - formed a routine test of their fuel cell system and settled down for some' sleep and meals. 35th Orbit--4:07 p.m. \Vhile Conrad slept Cooper · ' snapped P1 «:tures or se~ected landmarks m an experiment designed to help future astro - nauts navigate successfully home from the moon. A med - ical check indicated b Oth spacemen were in excellent cond iotion. Cooper was told weather conditions around the world were good. 36th Orbit-5 :43 p.m. Conrad reported that the temperature gauge in the capsule cabin had failed, but he said a hand-held gauge was wo1·king. Ground Control said the temperature reading made from telemetry data was 74 degrees. During the • orbit, the astronauts photo graphed a tropical storm. 37th Orbit-7 :19 p.m. The Ground Control center repo1-ted that the radar set aboard the spacecraft was be coming too cold. To warm it up, officials ordered the as tron3uts to turn the radar on. The temperature rose from 16 degrees to 26 degrees, which is normal. All other ~ystems aboard the capsule were also operating normally. AdnrllHmltll looks very good for eight days I prove useful to the military and there is nothing that says for sate 11 it e inspection in it shouldn't." space. In a mishap on the ground, The radar evaluation pod, trouble developed in a com- which was to have played a putcr memory system at Gem- significant role in a Gemini 5 ini 5 mission control late to- rendezvous attempt on Satur - d 1 ·s _,,. ected to plunge day, but was cleared up with- . ay, -..xp , in 11 minutes. mto the ~arth s . ~tmosph~re . . and a fiery d1smtegration The f3:ilure m the memory during the . evening of Aug. 26. syste~ did not adversely :affect Today, Gemini officials indi - the fhght. It developed m the cated that if they knew on histo_rical. data dru_ms, which Saturday what they know d 1 f provide mstant 1sp ays o now it might have been pos - flight trends. sible to have carried out their After the problem was original rendezvous plans with solved, personnel, who had the small pod. calculated lost data manually, Since Saturday, ground tests programmed the trends into have shown that would have the drums. The drums store been possible with the amount1---,---------- tary fighter planes. there 1~ a possibility they flight information for 12 hours, of oxygen available on Satur- Tooth-brushing is just that. may famt when they leave then are erased. day. What the officials did not Venus Heat The brush hangs on the space- t~eir capsule at the end o! The failure occurred at 6:23 know at that time was when craft interior by means of the eight days. . p.m. (EST) during the 37th the falling pressure in the material used as fasteners O-ll Dr. Howard Mmners said orbit. oxygen would stabilize, if at He' J Caused golf gloves and women's. they might experience the As for the astronauts, their all. UI, purses faintness a pe~son feels who day was filled with experi- Nonetheless Gemini offi- There is no toothpaste on has been bedridden for some ments, sightseein~ from space, cials obviously are delighted By Snowfall board so the astronauts squirt time and first gets to his feet. and some complamt. with their ma1reshift simulated their 'mouths full of water, "The treatment is simple," , · ""\'. - d brush and swallow. said Minners. "Lie down." He Coopers Complaint rendezvous carried_ out to_ ay. BLACKSBURG, Va., A.ug. Washing after each of the called the faintness "ortho- The complaint came from It involved making believe 23 (AP)-Venus, the --red hot day's four meals is done with static hypertension'.)> Cooper. In a brief flare-up of tha~ an Ag_ena. rocket was aL planet between the earth and wash pads and towels that re- -----=:--::--=;----- - irritability, the normally la- a given po~nt m space-act~- the sun, is almost as hot on West Va. conic astronaut said the flight ally the pomt a real A~ena is its "black side"-the side away --------·--- - planners were not giving the expected. to be at. d~rmg tJ:ie from the sun-as its lighted astronauts enough time to get f<;>rthcommg ~emmi 6 mis- face, and it is kept hot by their chores done. "We can't sion. Then, usmg !adar data snowfalls, a Johns Hopkins get the equipment put to- !~~dsg!~~:~;;~~o~,mi~~~: U:?iversity theoretical physi g_ether and torn apa:t by the instructing Cooper and Con- cbt speculated today. . . ti~e they are putting these rad to maneuver on four dif- . Dr. John Strong, a pioneer thmgs ,,<th~ experiments) to- ferent occasions during three m balloon telescope ast~on - gether, said Cooper. revolutions around the earth. omy. dropped this cunous Report on Sightings item into the scientifi<:. pot on How Craft Was Maneuvered the first day of Virginia Tech's As for the sights, ~he astron- What Gemini officials as- fifth annual space conference. ---------------- 111 - - - ~ __ - ■- ■- ■-■---.-. ..---;--- - 11 Staking of Claims On Moon Ruled Out A•OOCl&ted Press The Government has some advice for would-be moon homesteaders: For - get it. "The moon belongs to the world, not the first ar - rival," said a spokesman for the National Aeronau - tics aDd Space Adm.iniS t ra - tion. "We assume that any ex - ploration there will be handled on an interna - tional cooperative basis much like that in Ant - arctica." Over the years, how- A i ever, many mer cans have contemplated a life beyond eal'th. Some even filed claims with a county recorder, listing the moon or part of it as their own. Disposal of Body Waste Is Easy for Astronauts HOUSTON, Tex., (AP)-Dis- semble deodorant pads and f 1 th posal of body waste is no prob- ace c O s. . The pads are treated with a lem on the space trip of astro- nontoxic disinfectant that has nauts L. Gord0n Cooper- Jr. no odor but does clean and is and Charles Conrad Jr. lint-free. A plastic bag with a new- Cooper and Conrad will re - style adhesive lip is used for semble grizz_led ~ld prospectors collection of feces The adhe- because scientISts have not prevents the formation of bac- Fa1"nt1"ng Possible sive provides a se~ure attach• fou_nd a way to get _ rid of ment to the body. whiskers. A germicide inside the bag • t . d eria an gas. . After use, soiled items, toilet At Orbits' End tissues and ,a wet towel are placed in the bag, which tnen A B O A RD USS L A KE is sealed, rolled and stowed in empty food container spaces. CHAMPLAIN AT SE~, Aug. The bags will be brought 23 (UPI)-The physician for back to earth for analysis. the Gemini 5 astronauts Urine is disposed 01 with an aboard the recovery carrier adaptation of the relief tube . •. system currently used in mili- Lake ~ham~~am . s~!d , today
t,- ~ g_lj.1/ ~ ~,r' - 7 ~ ~ ff-7 2.. "'- 3 ; ,h - -/0 t 1'11 ' h,
hope or switch Consider - R + 10 days Dept 8 Date a pix from Houston Best m.
7 Space Photography Biemann, R.C. Pg from Viking II Rocket at altitude 158 miles NRL 4489 JLC Feb. 1955 (a) Biemann, Pg from Viking 12 Rocket up to 143.5 miles WRL 5273 Apr. 1959 (1) Lathrop, P.A. & Rush Report of Missile & Space Dept., G.E. Co., Phila. 1959
©~l ~ ~~~~ (f~ ~t HA-111\.. \I'-; 0-7ol.t, 1 ~r~Co"2. - @ ~ -r: r\- <t - ~~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~2sso- So'c ... ~ ~ ~ w~-~ • ~1'1f) ~ ~ )Vv &_; 1 '1\-FC rZ. t ~f'/ - i~ - /L1, ~'~ o/G(J , ft- sl -'-Is -
ues. to which Chas . Matheus would like answers 1. Pictures wi 1 be taken befo1·e opening the hatch: (Before de-pressurization) What will happen to the film when the hatch is opene ? ~ d' I / ff.r.d-)f 3 7 , /? GT- ,s- T.s,vi. ~ 2. During pressurization : ~ ~ fl{~~ ~ rf- ow long can you use the film? 30 nins? or what? ~~t/e_ \}.J 3. Pressurization in cati~ : After exposure to outside (outer space) and a very low ternp.(10 deg.F.), how long will it take for the film to recover? 4. Will cold temp. cause problems with rolling the film? lill it break? If one waited a period of time ~side capsule, how long would this be? ~~1lJ~ -- - /~ C 1--'\j-,,t_J-- O,K. Mc cf(P: ~~ 5s: ~ . f'v\s' (o I:;:~#Bur. of Standards Calibrated
Lenses
Document
W. Darling & real repth
of focus / Stuart Bean dirt
Sounding Rockets & Satellites Tracing
Lenses!
a sample for Review
J. Bryan Reed & G. Brown
1463-4F6 LIV Trace of + Geographyel
Table of 204 applied date + focal lgth
1964 158 mm.
NRL 4959
Viking A & B pg document
depth of focus
Proof of lenses determined exactly
.002 inches on optical bench
.004 toward film
{ in 1 yr vacuum chamber
{ check focus
GSFC — cl PR done under
vac. constr.5/18/65 45 min Conference Stoddard 373-4606 6 E. Minn. Houston Rusty — Suggestion How about assignment of an astronaut to NASA HQ program office for 3-6 mos. Medical Scientific (SM) Astronauts want to be in on planning 16 mm movie Stoddard = [Huch briefing notes <— Roy Stokes [underwater poster] 134- Celt. 5116 several yrs ago Baumann Ft. Churchill 70mm Camera Pencil only — sealed + White Sand= in water tight + Compensate Force fix better than gravity windows
N. Foster Photography 134 - 5781 <— 1) does in certain way prob. depends on light intensity focus! ods/Bur — ? GSFC perig. Baumann } mm or-lead Tumcane Watson 10# /in² Smithsonian Dubin Vochette Emulsion U.V. spectrograph forces not by bump
I • '~-~ --- ~(. - ( ') P..( - ~ -- 11 I ~ OJ ~ o ·~ I ~~ I ~([~~l·~
2 Color-Smith hint x 27557
1/a~ v - c, ~ - -~ ~ -✓ - - - ~- ~ J - - ~L---- - - -- - -- - - - --- --~ .r½ ~~~f=~?_ - _ I,~ --- -------------- ------ - ---- -_ -_ ~ (13 ~) - 10 ...~~--- ~ .. - ~ !w-.J~ ~~ vi,, (Ji ~ ~-... - - - - • - u .~ v-K./ { ~4,\ \')~~ ( ~ •• ~ ;=ft"-~) ~ - J)"l . ~~~ ~ 1<_ r- ~Vt IJ-.,~ _ . r J"'- r:1r lltc:. +- ~ . -ryLc.-t ~ . _____ --.;,:~, ~,~ f- ~~ ~r ~ e ; ~ v ~ ' ~ b <; Cf· - - ~ , --- ---. . . ~ "' - ' ~ . ~ - "==ft=:-1 - ~ ~ t-4f/) - ~ ...-----:.....-
Chuck Mothers - white [ILLEGIBLE]
a[ILLEGIBLE]
① Before de-pressing -
What will happen to film
② during pressurization.
How long can you use film
③ 5/1 pressure in cabin
How long for it to come
so can put
film
pres.
10° Fahrenheit temp.
___________ ___________ } cold
rolling film----- - --- ------ --------------- ------- ES//J-1! ____!_ Tl ..L__fJ -7 ~l, r:4 1--~--- _ ___:_ N =--..!...._o ~~ __ - Fei 9, ~J '----~ ~ r'D ::_______________
optic: [ILLEGIBLE] 60 mi report & hist/stories faintest disappearance at 52 mi. Brightest 40 mi. comtra, Pt. tracked gets smaller for fainter. brighter & for those with high vel. large fireballs often 20 mi bright bright fly over very burn after [ILLEGIBLE] & before cream just moving from east fireak, Velocities?
1 mi = 1.60935 × 10² m = 1.60935 km
n, min =
GT-4
Height miles.
Meteors No. – F. Reach
Regardless of their brightness, Meteors are
Phenomena between 40 and 60 miles in
the earth's atmosphere. Bright meteors
are seen about 40 miles. Large fireballs
often as low as 20 miles, or so.
The average height throughout the path
is given for faintest meteors & for those with
high velocities. Actually the bright objects
are longer and far further before they are
observed up. Often traveling rather slowly
for several hundred miles. The
B, red shooting stars
White – I am quite few, fall & burn up below
an altitude. They were about ¼ to ½
so high as the pilots when cruised (Obs) &
Med – okt yr.
never saw as above me.GT-4 Wed, PC 10/19/65
Venus
photo of & interrogation bodies No = S 65 38771
seen at very sunset
Remarks all Part 4.
Airglow structure T///// ?
Hor. items in airglow obscurity – flattings ?
Fit. measured sextant started in
Green bright captivity
Horizon bands p, notes
brighter
Chill to disc. 0.135 phenomena as cloud bright.
& in [ILLEGIBLE] sunlight bands does Lang
meteors have this?
Far. the mainly 0.239
Roads
Dip of Horizon cockpit sketches
Panorama 0 + to 3 integrants, color, color
Zichting for infrared laps (triops) [ILLEGIBLE]
Binkelman
Airglow from Fit.
Horizon bands-- - -- ~~~ - ~ - • --- - 4 ~ ~ ~ -~ 1AAJil-....u::...c1=_ ~V.......::v~~e:d- [2.__C~~l<\..-'-L........L..___ ~~ - 6~"-"""AA f ~ __ _ -- ~ ~ e ~~/~cf-~ - ------~--- tv\5 c--- t a
---- ------------- --------- ~* ~ ,ojw-LJ £~~ > ~~~ ~.S..-.-__::__:_--'-'(μ.d_~~ , ___ - - I 1+ ~- ~ ~Lh ~~-1~~~ - r ,-. I---¼ ~ C r;;;Jz.....__ ,,3 f; L fV1 .s- :h, /v(,J) C:'. /2,
,.. - ~,({_ ---- -( '2-- -i...o, ~ 1 -, ')- -,-- ,<J .G ~ - - - ;J_ I - IL ~ - - S- 5>- ~_&uv-~-z- ~ _51_.s; ~5'U~(71Cj-<J GM)-!MSFBT
MSC P/Yc (Houston) Early Gemini
Gill
Planets - Interests all but the planet in the +
Venus - sees at every sunset & rise in Long
None in Leo
Vol I, p.205
Photo of Venus from Pontoon the lens
#! Spots S/Y4F II
See original - S-65-347715 Airglow Structure (only one thing) some vol. content Sharp line of limitation - anything kind 5877 in millions/degree about 20% of airglow Daemonic potatoes Salient, Canyon Panel Aug. of horizon GT-4 Polar aurora Report Dimensions Airglow - June 15 Horizon bands Expression / one Gill To see Venus in twilight band (15° horizon) No Lore
sin θ = tan θ
= θ in radeg
Given to each orbiter/McD
sg track material sin⁻¹ θ + cos⁻¹ θ = 1
definition of converse
Δ
(const) Δ = θ ≈ θ in [units]
On board tape
Times of normal sightings
cos θ = h/c
Filming (16mm)
ability to magnetize from tape or
cal estimate the frame # per θ =
horizon band position-- - - - - - ---------- - -- - - - --- ------ --- - C7 T- <; , 01: ~ ► ~ - ~~4)μ- _ - _ F ~ 1-- - ~ · "- T _ v.r--e _J = ✓-- ~ _{ 1~[sketch: elongated lens/ellipse shape drawn in red ink with annotations] Ke Fs f Sunsets vs. Sunrises Spectacular
Zodiacal Lights White probably saw it one b4 sunrise
Planets Brightness of Venus Venus Mars Meteors (visual meteors) 90-100 km Seasonal return background Aug 11-13 [ILLEGIBLE] Hawkins General Revision - proper pilot / chance of [ILLEGIBLE] Best reference for Reports Sunsets vs. Sunrises
Tobe written Meteors. Give some info on meteor heights to compare with height of spacecraft Sunsets
U. S. GOV£ttNMENT PRl OFll' US3 or-t7184S NASA ROUTI SLIP ACTION CODE NAME (if 111msary) APPROVAL CONCURRENCE FILE INFORMATION INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE NOTE AND FORWARD NOTE AND RETURN PH REQUEST ltfCOIAA\ENDATION SEE ME SIGNATURE REPLY FOR SIGNATURE Of, NAME , h??s,,O 6. 7. REMARKS: FROM: CODE , NASA Porro 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) U. S. GOV£ttNMENT PRl l"I Tl NG OFll' ICIE: v. an. 19 3) l"ITlNG ICIE US3 or-t7184S
• O~TIONAL. "°"M NO. 10 - 5010-107 MAY 1112 EDITION "- G-SA GEN. ftEG . NO. 27 4NITED STATES GOVERNMENT Memorandum TO SM/Manned Space Science DAT~ 2 JUL 1965 M - C MGS 1352 . 2 FROM MG/Deputy Director , Gemini Program SUBJECT: Technical Analysis of Gemini (GT- 4) Photography ~ The attached TWX on the subject matter from Willis Foster to Robert Piland on July 16, 1965, has been coordinated by Mr. Liccardi of my office and Dr. Gill of your office. I believe that this TWX satisfies the request of your letter to me of July 16, 1965 on the same subject. I do not anticipate any problems in your office receiving the S- 5 70MM film, however, should you encounter any difficulties my office will prepare additional authorization that may be deemed necessary to expedite this matter . cc : Dr . J . Gill Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
K-5A HEADQUARTERS
X
MR. ROBERT C. PILAND
EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM OFFICE
MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
INFO TO: DR. PAUL LONGAN, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER,
GREENBELT, MARYLAND
MR. LEO CHILDS, CODE ET52, MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
IT IS REQUESTED THAT YOU AUTHORIZE THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITIES AT
MSC TO RELEASE THE ORIGINAL FILM OF SPOOL 3 OF MAGAZINE 8 (WHICH
COVERS THE SOUTHWESTERN U.S.) TO MR. LEO CHILDS, MSC, FOR 2 TO 3
DAYS. MR. CHILDS WILL CARRY IT TO DATA CORPORATION, DAYTON, OHIO
FOR MEASUREMENT ON THEIR [ILLEGIBLE] MICRODENSITOMETER. THE PURPOSE OF THESE
MEASUREMENTS IS TO DETERMINE THE UPON RESOLUTION OF THE S-5 70 MM
PHOTOGRAPHS ON GT-4. WE REFER TO A TELEPHONE CONVERSATION BETWEEN
EMERY FARRIS OF YOUR OFFICE AND ANTHONY LIZZARDI, CMSF, LAST NIGHT.
WHILE MAKING THE RESOLUTION ANALYSIS WE ARE ASKING DATA
CORPORATION TO MAKE FIVE (5) SETS OF CONTACT PRINTS AND ONE (1)
DUPLICATE NEGATIVE OF SELECTED FRAMES USING VERY FINE-GRAINED
MATERIALS WHICH GIVE ALMOST 100% TRANSFER. THESE PRINTS AND FILM
WILL BE USED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS BY AGENCIES IN THE WASHINGTON
AREA.PAGE TWO
DR. PAUL LONGAN PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON THE S-5 EXPERIMENT HAS
CONCURRED IN THESE ARRANGEMENTS. IT IS UNDERSTOOD THAT
MR. LEO CHILDS WILL SAFEGUARD THE FILM IN TRANSIT AND AT DATA
CORPORATION. AT DATA CORPORATION THE CONTACTS ARE
MR. WILLIAM GORDO, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AND MR. ROBERT BRAUN.
WE WILL GREATLY APPRECIATE YOUR EXPEDITING AND ASSISTING THIS
IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC TASK WHICH CAN BE ACHIEVED FROM THE S-5
70 MM FILM.
WILLIS B. FOSTER
DIRECTOR
MANNED SPACE SCIENCE PROGRAMS
cc: WBF/benschdier
RCH/lizzardi
Mr/calvostreras
Jocelyne B. Hill E5093 7/12/65 3:30 p.m.
Chief, Inflight Schemans
UNCLASSIFIED• NATIONAL AERONAUTICS A D SPACE ADMINISTRATION WAS HINGTO N , 0 .C. 20546 IN REPLY REFER TO: SM ( JRG : com ) Dr . F . Sa ie dy U . S . We t her Burea u J tion al ~ea t her Sa t ellit e Center S uitland , Ma ryl a n d Dear Dr . Sa ie dy : He are pleased to infor m you t1at t 11e Office of ";p dc e Sc ie n c e and A p licati ons has r ccom en ded to th e 0.flic c of Ma nne d Spa ce Fli g ht th t t he fo llowine; cxper.irnent be f lo wn on thee rly Gemi ni se ri es of man n ed ~p~c flights : Title : Spec tro ph oto 1.; r aphy of Clou ds ,,,, Pr inci pa l In v e s tigator : Dr . r . ~aiedy Spons orin g Institution : lJ . S • .-le ;_i t her Bur e du :~ tio nal \/~ather Sa t ellite Ce nter P resent p l ans c a ll fo r ten manned Gemi ni mi ~si ons , cp eccl three months apart , beg innin g in t he last quar t er of C~lcn<l,r Yea r 1 964 , Overall re sponsibility f or manned sμ, c c s c.i.cncc investi ga tions i s assigned to M r . 1 ,/ illi s i3 . fo::it e r , Director , Manne Spa c e Sc ience Di v ision , f /\ SA lleud , uc1rtur" . Th e M nne d ;.,pacecraft C~n t er , i!o u sto , !1a:::; lH?en as::,i.;ned i mp le menta t i on respo1 s i b ility .for t he Gemini s ci e nti f ic y lo ad u nde r the d irectio n of Dr . ,Jo c e l yn Gill , Cliie r , In - Fli g h t S ciences , am mbe r o f M r . Foster ' s :,t.:i ff . '.-J i.11 yo u p le ase inform Dr . Gill by letter o f any co - inv eG t ii.:,, tor { ~ ) officially sociated witli your e xperiment . T c h nic ..i l coo rd i n at i o n f o r y o u r e x e r i ru c n t w i 1 1 iJ e ll n d l c d by i· r . Roy Stokes , 'Ian e d ~ c c1~" 1f t r ,~nt ~ lo uston , Te;.:a::; , tele pho n e number , d U 3 - 7 6 3 3 • In accord a nce with th e N~ tio a l Aro~ ti cs ad ~P J u i\.Jm i.11.i. :; tr a t i o,1 1 ~ t,olj ' Y lor the rel ~<.1..;.., of cl.1 L ...i , t::-: 1c 1'i.1n ntcr:; are ,.,runteJ a pe ri od of tinie f'o r ex ~ Lu.;.i.vl ! u:;e of Lil· d,..1 L,1. For em.i.ni. , you ..:ire ~ rant ..:d , c i oJ of si.x month::; reo 111 t he rec!c!i p t o f t he ,J.., ta . l [ thi ~; ~me IJCr.i.ocl .i. ., rot s.:1. ti :;;fact ory , p l e.:isC? 2.et ..i.n touc,1 1-1ith Dr . 'ill t,J li. ~:c u ..;:; a e r'j ,,l .. ·, · cl , \t , iu l cl oe mu tu allJ t: ru'-'u;>le to th,~ 1l ,' ,;r1 ,t!i•l / Ourself .• -2 - Experimenters a re encouraged to p u b.:'..isl1 experimental results promptly in order to inform the scientific community dS early as possible . II :, il:? f analysi~ of experimental re s ult s 1ith illu s tr ations I here appropr i ate is requir ed to be f urnishe d to the 8 Xper i mcn t co o rdinator within t1-10 reeks followin~ t he mission for the >u:::;tldu ch memorandum prepa r ed by Ma nne d Spa c e_raft Canter . Experi me nters a re also encouraged t:, coordinate c1 n t1 exchange data amonu t hemsel v s in order' t o enhance to ti1e f ulle s t extent , the sc ienti f ic .;e nefitc o f e d ch mission . It i s i mp ort a nt to th e co nduct of yo ur ex - eriment that all emini s ch ed uled dli n s be m t and th t y ou kee p your HSC e x peri men t coordinator i n formed on progress of your experiment at all ti mes . We hope that t he plannin g o f your e x~e ri me nt an d the constru ction and integration of your flight hard wa r e will be brought to sati sfa ctory completi on in or der that your experiment , a lon g with those o f t he other expe riment e r . on the attached list , may serv e to make the Gemini scien if ic payload a successful addition t o th e United S t a t es ~p ace P ro gram . S incere ly yours , !lamer E: . ::e;e ll Associ · t e lldrni ni s trat o r f or Spa ce Sc i e nce & llppl ic nt ion ~ Enc losure : List of Approv ed Cxperimenters
c,-T10NAL. f"'OflM NO. 10 - .SOlG-107 _. MAY 1942 EDITION Gs.\ C:EN , R G , NO. .2.1 NITED STATES GOVERNME emorandum TO SM/Manned Space Science DATE: M - C MGS 1352. 2 FROM MG/Deputy Director, Gemini Program SUBJECT: Technical Analysis of Gemini (GT-4) Photography The attached TWX on the subject matter from Willis Fos ter to Robert Piland on July 16, 1965, has been coordinated by Mr . Liccardi of my office and Dr. Gill of your office . I believe that this TWX satisfies the request of your letter to me of July 16, 1965 on the same subject . I do not anticipate ny problems in your office receiving the S - 5 70MM film, however, should you encounter any difficulties my office will prepare additional authorization that may be deemed necessary to expedite this matter. William C. Schneider cc : Dr . J . Gill Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
NAME OF AG8'1CY I PRECEDENCE ACTION , I INFO., PRIORITY UNCLASSIFIED NASA BEADQUAfm!RB THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICATIONS UNIT TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGE OFFICIAL aus ,NESS U.S . GOVERNMENT MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spocing ond oll copitol letters) TH IS COL. FO R A GEN CY USE MR. ROBERT O, PILAND EXPERIMENI'S PROGRAM OFFICE MANNED BPACECRAFr CENI'ER HOUSTON, TEXAS I?iFO TO: DR. PAUL LOWMAN, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CEN•fi!B, GREENBELT, MARYLAND MR. LEO CHILDS, CODE ET22, MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER Sn HOUSTON, TEXAS IT IS REQUESTED THAT YOU AUTHORIZE TBE APPROPRIATE AUI'HORITIES AT me TO RELEASE THE ORIGINAL FIIM OF SPOOL 3 OF MAGAZINE 8 (WHICH w COVERS TBE Sou.rBWESTERN O,S.) TO MB., LEO CHILDS, MSC, FOR 2 TO 3 2 5 "' x I - DAYS. MR. CHILOO WILL CARRY IT TO DATA CORPORATION, DAYTON, OHIO 0 z • MICROSENSITOMETER. 0 > - w FOR MEASUREMENT ON THEIR THE PURPOSE OF THESE .., w C) < MEASUREMENTS IS TO DETERMINE THE TRUE RESOLUTION OF THE _ S-5 70 mm "' "' w l' w PHOTOGRAPHY ON GT-4. WE REFER 'ro A TELEPHONE CONVERSATION BE'lWEEN ... ~ ... 0 EMORY HARRIS OF YOUR OFFICE AND ANTHONY LICCARDI, OMSF, LAST NIGHT. z 0 0 WHIU: MAKING THE RESOLUTION ANALYSIS WE ARE ASKING DATA CORPORATION TO MAKE FIVE (5) SETS OF CONTACT P.Rml'S .AND ONE (l.) DUPLICATE NIDATIVE OF SEIECTED FRAMF.S UBING VERY FID-GRAINED MATERIALS WHICH GIVE .AIMOST 1~ TRANSFER. THESE PRINTS AND FIIM WILL BE USED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS BY AGENCIES IN THE WASHINGTON AREA. PAGE NO.
lllAME Of AGENCY PRECEDEN CE ACTION : INFO.: a-,-----------------------l TYPE Of MESSAGE Cl AS SI FICA TION ACCOUNTING CLASSlflCA TION 0 SINGLE D BOOK STANDARD FORM I• REV. MARCH 15, 1957 □ MUlTI-AOORESS GSA REGULATION 2- IX-30 1.00 t::-:::-:~=-===:-:-::-:-::------=------------...l......!:::::......:.::.:...:.:.:.:.:.=------1 14-304 THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICAT IONS UNIT TELEGRAPHIC M ESSAGE OFFICIAL BUSINESS U. S. GOVERNMENT MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spoc ing ond oil capitol leffen) AGENCY USE PAGE 'lWO DB. PAUL UMWi PRI?fCIPAL DM'Sl'IGATOR ON TBE B-5 EXPERIMDT HAS Coz«ruRRED :m THESE .ABRA.BGIMEN'l'. IT IS 'URDJ!:RS'l'OOD TBAT MR. LEO CHILDS WILL SAFEGUARD 'l'1IE FILM IN 'l'RAHSIT AND Mr DATA CORPOBATIO • AT DATA CO.RPOBATION THE CONTACTS .Am: MB. WILUAM GOROG, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AID MR. ROBERT BOOBE. WE WILL GREA1'LY APPRmIATE YOOR EXPEDITING OUR OBTAIBI.BG THIS ~ SCIDTIFIC DATA WBICR CAB BB AC UIRID FROM THE S-5 70 mm FIIM. WILLIS B. P'OS'l'ER DIRICTOR MARNED SPACE SCIENCE PROGRAMS cc: Ml/Schneider MJS/Liccardi BM/Colvocores ee PAGE NO . NO. O f P4GES 2 2 NAME AND TITLE Of ORIG INATOR (Typ<t) ORIGIN4TOR'S TEl . NO. D4TE AND TIME PREP4 RED Jocel:.)'n R. Gill 7/16/65 2:00 •• • UNCLASSIFIED v" (Si9nolv,.) • u.s GOVERHMEHl PRI NTING OfflC[ uu o-1u-u~
SM (JRG:khy) JUL 1 4 1965 Dr. Karl G. Henize Dearborn Observatory Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois 60201 Dear Karl: Thank you so much for your letter of 24 June telling me that you were not present at the GT-4 debriefing. I am sorry you could not make it, but I am aware that the rescheduling was most inconvenient. It was a most interesting two-day session with one day for the individual experimenters and another day for the general scientific public. I am attempting to plan the next Inflight Experimenters meeting to occur in juxtaposition with the Scientific Debriefing Sessions in Houston. At present, we are hoping for a whole week of meetings in Houston, August 30 - September 3. So put this on your calendar with the thought that last- minute shifts are still the order of the day in this business. I want to congratulate you on the fine reports you have been submitting for your S-13 experiment and especially the document entitled "Definitive Plan." The full documentation of your experiment is very important and I am glad to see you are keeping up with that. I want to urge you to look into the final stage of documentation for equipment delivery at the Cape. Just this week we had a trying experience of a co-experimenter arriving with his piece of equipment and McDonnell refusing to accept it. Some 4 or 5 pieces of documentation with "stamps," etc. were missing and the experimenter had apparently never even heard of these pieces of paper. In the orderly assembly of the spacecraft and its equipment such documentation has, of course, to be assembled, time-consuming as it is. I suggest that you have Mr. Wackering check very carefully into the documentation required for McDonnell to accept a piece of experimental
2 ... .., equi of l3ogge 13 C nxt E,xperl.lncant nt for an r l . hip on h Ast OllOlXIY Subc ve a good s r. 1ncerely yow:-a , -Gfll Jo ~ R. Gill Chief, Inf'll Mann d 6~ t c~ence Sci n Progr cc: Dr. Al Bo ess, m/08.FC Willis B. Foster, SM Subj ect File Reading File SM:JRGill : kby 20593 7/l2/65
, DEARBOR OBSERVATORY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY BVA STON, lLLINOIS 60201 24 June 1965 Dr . Jocelyn Gill Chief , Inflight Sciences Branch Code SM Manned Space Science Programs NASA Headquarters Washington , D. C. 20546 Dear Jocelyn : In connection with the astronaut debriefing conference , my lack of attendance has caused you any embarrassment . I 'm sorry if I simply couldn ' t make it on such short notice . I was at the University of Wisconsin when the news reached me on Wednesday morning. Having just driven for three hours to get there I was reluctant to turn around and leave lmmediately as would have been required for me to catch a late afternoon plane to Houston . I hope that it might be possible for me to attend the next debriefing in which the astronauts may be discussing either open hatch activities , spacecraft stabilization, or operation of the General Purpose Camera . As you are probably alreaey aware , I have just received an invitation from Dr . Newell to become a member of the Astronomy Advisory Subcommittee . I am delighted both for the honor of having been so chosen and also by the implication that astronomical observations from manned space vehicles have at last been recognized as worthwhile scientific activities . I thank you for your very considerable efforts in backing my original proposals and in making it possible for this whole situation to develop so favorably . Sincerely, Karl G. Henize KGH :mjw
S (JRG:cvd) JUL 14 1965 TO: Manned Spacecr ft Center Chier. Photo r phic Division, Code NASA He dquarters Ch1ef, Infl1 ht Sciences SUBJECT: Request for duplicate movie films and color prints of all 70 mm, hand-held pictu~es One copy of each of color mevie ~1lms h1ch include sunsets, sunrises, horizon bands, limb of earth nd terrain views 1s re quested to be forwarded to Dr. J.R. Gill, Code SM ,. NASA Head quarters. Please send these air mail sinoe this material 1s n eded soon for preparation o7'an7i'itrongmical re 1 ort on GT-~. One of the most important films for this purpose s M a zine 9. Two sets or color prints of all color still pictures which were taken with sselblad 70 mm camera (on GT-4) are also requested. It will be adequate to send these by re ular mail. These prints pertain mainly to the S-5 and s-6 Gemini xperimenta. Jocelyn R. Gill Jocelyn R. Gill
... Deputy cb OFFICE CODE ► SIGNATURE ► (JRO;kby) JUL 1 19 J ) . TO . cecraft Center o. , r po o Spacecr : oft of voice ta f rsa ion o e o, t ng ceipt o~ copies of subJe ri t, 3. Co G . Dr . Gill C ____rter .c. ro5-46 Jocelyn • Gill_ Joce:cyit R. Gill cc : MGS/Mr . Liccard.i SM Reading File s SM File : Sci . debriefing GT - 4 file CONCURRENCES: SM :JRGill : kb 20593 7 1 65 OFFICIAL FILE COPY
) JUN 171965 1p not GT;;.4 •• ... ...,,..,,. yo Jocelyn R. GiU cc : SM File s ~kby 20593 6/7/65
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NATIONAL AERONAU TICS AND SPAC E AD MINISTRATION WASHI NGTON , D. C. 20546 IN REPLY REFER TO: SM- ( JRG: kby) Dear We are enclosing,. li s t s o f Gemini p h otogra phs f o r Miss i on s I V through VIII which you r e questedo These include the numbers t hat Creative Arts* c an utilize in filling orderso The Gemtni IV material can be ordered by the magazine,I) spool,I) and frame numbers . (Example : Gemini IVs Magazine 16 s Spool 5, Frame 3l ) o The Gemini V, VI, VIIs and VIII material can be ordered by the 11 HC" number ( Example : 65 - HC- 701 ) . Note that the column " GET" signifies ground elapsed time and c an be converted to GMTi which is Greenwich Mean Tim o We hope this information will answer your need.so Thank you f o r your interest in the Gemini photographs. Sincerely yours s Jocelyn Ro Gill Manned Flight Experiments Office Enclosures : Lists of Gemini IV, V, VI > VII~ VIII photographs * Creative Arts Attn: Mro Tinsley 814 H Street , NoW• Washington,I) D.C.
~1) C l' ~ ., \- ✓ . 1 r \ - From NORTHERN ARIZONA SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND ART, INC. flAGSTAfF, ARIZONA P. 0. Box 1389 O rder No . .. ........ ....... -·-··-···· -···-··········CLASS MAIL EXPRESS D Insured D Prepaid D Parcel Post O C ollect D Book Post D Pieces D Printed Matter Value...........- ....... . ~ . . ti cs &. Space Admih . Jocelyn . Gill Contents: POSTMASTER: This parcel may be opened for postal Inspection if necflJGry. RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED ~ I
No. 55 6 x 9 BELMONT CLASP
[Photograph with handwritten annotations] [Top left, above photo]: Note from photos [Left side of photo, handwritten labels pointing to features]: [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [Right side of photo, handwritten]: [ILLEGIBLE] [Bottom right corner of photo]: #1
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[Photograph of aerial/orbital image with handwritten annotations] [handwritten, upper right] Sothern [ILLEGIBLE] [handwritten, left] [ILLEGIBLE] [handwritten, center] [ILLEGIBLE] clouds [handwritten, lower left] Southeastern [ILLEGIBLE] [handwritten, lower right] scattered [ILLEGIBLE] #2
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[Reverse side of Polaroid photograph. Rust/staple stain marks at top. Printed vertically on right edge:] F61252D [Printed vertically on right edge:] POLAROID [Handwritten in blue ink at lower left:] J.R. Lee foto Sm NASA HQ Wash. D.C.
[Polaroid photograph mounted on white page. Grainy orbital photograph showing bright object/anomaly with handwritten annotations on photo surface.] [Handwritten at top of photo:] N [Handwritten annotations on left side of photo:] Horizon [Additional handwritten annotations in photo center/upper area:] [ILLEGIBLE] [Handwritten at bottom right of photo:] #11
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[PHOTOGRAPH] [Black and white aerial/satellite photograph mounted on white backing, with handwritten annotations scattered across the image surface] [Top area, handwritten:] H [Various handwritten annotations across photograph, mostly [ILLEGIBLE] at this resolution] [Bottom right corner stamp/notation:] #/4
[REVERSE SIDE OF POLAROID PHOTOGRAPH — blank white surface] [Right edge, printed vertically:] F614E2A [Right edge, printed vertically below:] POLAROID
[PHOTOGRAPH] [Black and white aerial/satellite photograph mounted on white backing, with handwritten annotations scattered across the image surface] [Top right, handwritten:] MT 15 [Below:] 061 85 [Various handwritten annotations across photograph, mostly [ILLEGIBLE] at this resolution] [Bottom right corner stamp/notation:] #15
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[Verso of Polaroid photograph — blank white back] POLAROID F61452A
[Photograph — black-and-white aerial/landscape image, Polaroid print] [ILLEGIBLE handwritten annotations scattered across image] [ILLEGIBLE handwritten notation, bottom right of image]
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[PHOTOGRAPH — black-and-white aerial/orbital photograph mounted on white backing. Several handwritten arrow annotations point to features within the image. Annotation text is [ILLEGIBLE] at available resolution. Bottom-right corner of the photograph bears a handwritten stamp/notation reading [ILLEGIBLE].]
[BLANK PAGE — envelope or folder back. Rust/water staining along top edge and isolated staining at center. Right margin bears two vertical archival stamps (rotated 90°): upper stamp reads "Fs19233"; lower stamp reads [ILLEGIBLE].]
[PHOTOGRAPH — black-and-white aerial/orbital photograph mounted on white backing. Multiple handwritten arrow annotations point to features within the image. Visible annotation labels include "Pilot A" and "[ILLEGIBLE]" at several arrow endpoints. Bottom-right corner of the photograph bears a handwritten notation reading "#17".]
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